diff --git a/kernel/aster-nix/src/context.rs b/kernel/aster-nix/src/context.rs
index fb4e84751..aa43ba50b 100644
--- a/kernel/aster-nix/src/context.rs
+++ b/kernel/aster-nix/src/context.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 use core::mem;
 
 use ostd::{
-    mm::{UserSpace, VmReader, VmSpace, VmWriter},
+    mm::{Fallible, Infallible, VmReader, VmSpace, VmWriter},
     task::Task,
 };
 
@@ -56,14 +56,14 @@ impl CurrentUserSpace {
     /// Creates a reader to read data from the user space of the current task.
     ///
     /// Returns `Err` if the `vaddr` and `len` do not represent a user space memory range.
-    pub fn reader(&self, vaddr: Vaddr, len: usize) -> Result<VmReader<'_, UserSpace>> {
+    pub fn reader(&self, vaddr: Vaddr, len: usize) -> Result<VmReader<'_, Fallible>> {
         Ok(self.0.reader(vaddr, len)?)
     }
 
     /// Creates a writer to write data into the user space.
     ///
     /// Returns `Err` if the `vaddr` and `len` do not represent a user space memory range.
-    pub fn writer(&self, vaddr: Vaddr, len: usize) -> Result<VmWriter<'_, UserSpace>> {
+    pub fn writer(&self, vaddr: Vaddr, len: usize) -> Result<VmWriter<'_, Fallible>> {
         Ok(self.0.writer(vaddr, len)?)
     }
 
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ impl CurrentUserSpace {
     /// If the destination `VmWriter` (`dest`) is empty, this function still
     /// checks if the current task and user space are available. If they are,
     /// it returns `Ok`.
-    pub fn read_bytes(&self, src: Vaddr, dest: &mut VmWriter<'_>) -> Result<()> {
+    pub fn read_bytes(&self, src: Vaddr, dest: &mut VmWriter<'_, Infallible>) -> Result<()> {
         let copy_len = dest.avail();
 
         if copy_len > 0 {
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ impl CurrentUserSpace {
     /// If the source `VmReader` (`src`) is empty, this function still checks if
     /// the current task and user space are available. If they are, it returns
     /// `Ok`.
-    pub fn write_bytes(&self, dest: Vaddr, src: &mut VmReader<'_>) -> Result<()> {
+    pub fn write_bytes(&self, dest: Vaddr, src: &mut VmReader<'_, Infallible>) -> Result<()> {
         let copy_len = src.remain();
 
         if copy_len > 0 {
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ pub trait ReadCString {
     fn read_cstring(&mut self) -> Result<CString>;
 }
 
-impl<'a> ReadCString for VmReader<'a, UserSpace> {
+impl<'a> ReadCString for VmReader<'a, Fallible> {
     /// This implementation is inspired by
     /// the `do_strncpy_from_user` function in Linux kernel.
     /// The original Linux implementation can be found at:
diff --git a/kernel/aster-nix/src/device/tty/driver.rs b/kernel/aster-nix/src/device/tty/driver.rs
index b53c6404b..5c510cc35 100644
--- a/kernel/aster-nix/src/device/tty/driver.rs
+++ b/kernel/aster-nix/src/device/tty/driver.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 #![allow(dead_code)]
 
-use ostd::mm::VmReader;
+use ostd::mm::{Infallible, VmReader};
 use spin::Once;
 
 use crate::{
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ impl Default for TtyDriver {
     }
 }
 
-fn console_input_callback(mut reader: VmReader) {
+fn console_input_callback(mut reader: VmReader<Infallible>) {
     let tty_driver = get_tty_driver();
     while reader.remain() > 0 {
         let ch = reader.read_val().unwrap();
diff --git a/kernel/aster-nix/src/prelude.rs b/kernel/aster-nix/src/prelude.rs
index abfa8524d..fc3c22e55 100644
--- a/kernel/aster-nix/src/prelude.rs
+++ b/kernel/aster-nix/src/prelude.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ pub(crate) use bitflags::bitflags;
 pub(crate) use int_to_c_enum::TryFromInt;
 pub(crate) use log::{debug, error, info, log_enabled, trace, warn};
 pub(crate) use ostd::{
-    mm::{Vaddr, VmReader, VmWriter, PAGE_SIZE},
+    mm::{FallibleVmRead, FallibleVmWrite, Vaddr, VmReader, VmWriter, PAGE_SIZE},
     sync::{Mutex, MutexGuard, RwLock, RwMutex, SpinLock, SpinLockGuard},
     Pod,
 };
diff --git a/kernel/aster-nix/src/vm/vmo/mod.rs b/kernel/aster-nix/src/vm/vmo/mod.rs
index 96c296797..4c1ce5c90 100644
--- a/kernel/aster-nix/src/vm/vmo/mod.rs
+++ b/kernel/aster-nix/src/vm/vmo/mod.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use align_ext::AlignExt;
 use aster_rights::Rights;
 use ostd::{
     collections::xarray::{CursorMut, XArray},
-    mm::{Frame, FrameAllocOptions, VmReader, VmWriter},
+    mm::{Frame, FrameAllocOptions, Infallible, VmReader, VmWriter},
 };
 
 use crate::prelude::*;
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ impl Vmo_ {
         let read_len = buf.len();
         let read_range = offset..(offset + read_len);
         let mut read_offset = offset % PAGE_SIZE;
-        let mut buf_writer: VmWriter = buf.into();
+        let mut buf_writer: VmWriter<Infallible> = buf.into();
 
         let read = move |page: Frame| {
             page.reader().skip(read_offset).read(&mut buf_writer);
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ impl Vmo_ {
         let write_len = buf.len();
         let write_range = offset..(offset + write_len);
         let mut write_offset = offset % PAGE_SIZE;
-        let mut buf_reader: VmReader = buf.into();
+        let mut buf_reader: VmReader<Infallible> = buf.into();
 
         let mut write = move |page: Frame| {
             page.writer().skip(write_offset).write(&mut buf_reader);
diff --git a/kernel/comps/block/src/bio.rs b/kernel/comps/block/src/bio.rs
index b17f747e8..57e6e5b3b 100644
--- a/kernel/comps/block/src/bio.rs
+++ b/kernel/comps/block/src/bio.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 use align_ext::AlignExt;
 use int_to_c_enum::TryFromInt;
 use ostd::{
-    mm::{Frame, Segment, VmReader, VmWriter},
+    mm::{Frame, Infallible, Segment, VmReader, VmWriter},
     sync::WaitQueue,
 };
 
@@ -423,7 +423,7 @@ impl<'a> BioSegment {
     }
 
     /// Returns a reader to read data from it.
-    pub fn reader(&'a self) -> VmReader<'a> {
+    pub fn reader(&'a self) -> VmReader<'a, Infallible> {
         self.pages
             .reader()
             .skip(self.offset.value())
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ impl<'a> BioSegment {
     }
 
     /// Returns a writer to write data into it.
-    pub fn writer(&'a self) -> VmWriter<'a> {
+    pub fn writer(&'a self) -> VmWriter<'a, Infallible> {
         self.pages
             .writer()
             .skip(self.offset.value())
diff --git a/kernel/comps/console/src/lib.rs b/kernel/comps/console/src/lib.rs
index f748dd869..11955f6e2 100644
--- a/kernel/comps/console/src/lib.rs
+++ b/kernel/comps/console/src/lib.rs
@@ -11,10 +11,13 @@ use alloc::{collections::BTreeMap, fmt::Debug, string::String, sync::Arc, vec::V
 use core::any::Any;
 
 use component::{init_component, ComponentInitError};
-use ostd::{mm::VmReader, sync::SpinLock};
+use ostd::{
+    mm::{Infallible, VmReader},
+    sync::SpinLock,
+};
 use spin::Once;
 
-pub type ConsoleCallback = dyn Fn(VmReader) + Send + Sync;
+pub type ConsoleCallback = dyn Fn(VmReader<Infallible>) + Send + Sync;
 
 pub trait AnyConsoleDevice: Send + Sync + Any + Debug {
     fn send(&self, buf: &[u8]);
diff --git a/kernel/comps/network/src/buffer.rs b/kernel/comps/network/src/buffer.rs
index 62d8ba8a8..7d26b4e42 100644
--- a/kernel/comps/network/src/buffer.rs
+++ b/kernel/comps/network/src/buffer.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@ use alloc::{collections::LinkedList, sync::Arc};
 use align_ext::AlignExt;
 use ostd::{
     mm::{
-        Daddr, DmaDirection, DmaStream, FrameAllocOptions, HasDaddr, VmReader, VmWriter, PAGE_SIZE,
+        Daddr, DmaDirection, DmaStream, FrameAllocOptions, HasDaddr, Infallible, VmReader,
+        VmWriter, PAGE_SIZE,
     },
     sync::SpinLock,
     Pod,
@@ -52,7 +53,7 @@ impl TxBuffer {
         tx_buffer
     }
 
-    pub fn writer(&self) -> VmWriter<'_> {
+    pub fn writer(&self) -> VmWriter<'_, Infallible> {
         self.dma_stream.writer().unwrap().limit(self.nbytes)
     }
 
@@ -106,7 +107,7 @@ impl RxBuffer {
         self.packet_len = packet_len;
     }
 
-    pub fn packet(&self) -> VmReader<'_> {
+    pub fn packet(&self) -> VmReader<'_, Infallible> {
         self.segment
             .sync(self.header_len..self.header_len + self.packet_len)
             .unwrap();
@@ -117,7 +118,7 @@ impl RxBuffer {
             .limit(self.packet_len)
     }
 
-    pub fn buf(&self) -> VmReader<'_> {
+    pub fn buf(&self) -> VmReader<'_, Infallible> {
         self.segment
             .sync(0..self.header_len + self.packet_len)
             .unwrap();
diff --git a/kernel/comps/network/src/dma_pool.rs b/kernel/comps/network/src/dma_pool.rs
index ee8917286..072abd4bf 100644
--- a/kernel/comps/network/src/dma_pool.rs
+++ b/kernel/comps/network/src/dma_pool.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,8 @@ use core::ops::Range;
 use bitvec::{array::BitArray, prelude::Lsb0};
 use ostd::{
     mm::{
-        Daddr, DmaDirection, DmaStream, FrameAllocOptions, HasDaddr, VmReader, VmWriter, PAGE_SIZE,
+        Daddr, DmaDirection, DmaStream, FrameAllocOptions, HasDaddr, Infallible, VmReader,
+        VmWriter, PAGE_SIZE,
     },
     sync::{RwLock, SpinLock},
 };
@@ -233,12 +234,12 @@ impl DmaSegment {
         self.size
     }
 
-    pub fn reader(&self) -> Result<VmReader<'_>, ostd::Error> {
+    pub fn reader(&self) -> Result<VmReader<'_, Infallible>, ostd::Error> {
         let offset = self.start_addr - self.dma_stream.daddr();
         Ok(self.dma_stream.reader()?.skip(offset).limit(self.size))
     }
 
-    pub fn writer(&self) -> Result<VmWriter<'_>, ostd::Error> {
+    pub fn writer(&self) -> Result<VmWriter<'_, Infallible>, ostd::Error> {
         let offset = self.start_addr - self.dma_stream.daddr();
         Ok(self.dma_stream.writer()?.skip(offset).limit(self.size))
     }
diff --git a/osdk/tests/examples_in_book/write_a_kernel_in_100_lines_templates/lib.rs b/osdk/tests/examples_in_book/write_a_kernel_in_100_lines_templates/lib.rs
index 21f60b1b6..9fbfde511 100644
--- a/osdk/tests/examples_in_book/write_a_kernel_in_100_lines_templates/lib.rs
+++ b/osdk/tests/examples_in_book/write_a_kernel_in_100_lines_templates/lib.rs
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ use alloc::vec;
 use ostd::arch::qemu::{exit_qemu, QemuExitCode};
 use ostd::cpu::UserContext;
 use ostd::mm::{
-    CachePolicy, FrameAllocOptions, PageFlags, PageProperty, Vaddr, VmIo, VmSpace, VmWriter,
-    PAGE_SIZE,
+    CachePolicy, FallibleVmRead, FallibleVmWrite, FrameAllocOptions, PageFlags, PageProperty,
+    Vaddr, VmIo, VmSpace, VmWriter, PAGE_SIZE,
 };
 use ostd::prelude::*;
 use ostd::task::{Task, TaskOptions};
diff --git a/ostd/src/mm/dma/dma_coherent.rs b/ostd/src/mm/dma/dma_coherent.rs
index 885c14794..1baaf4394 100644
--- a/ostd/src/mm/dma/dma_coherent.rs
+++ b/ostd/src/mm/dma/dma_coherent.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ use crate::{
         io::VmIoOnce,
         kspace::{paddr_to_vaddr, KERNEL_PAGE_TABLE},
         page_prop::CachePolicy,
-        HasPaddr, Paddr, PodOnce, Segment, VmIo, VmReader, VmWriter, PAGE_SIZE,
+        HasPaddr, Infallible, Paddr, PodOnce, Segment, VmIo, VmReader, VmWriter, PAGE_SIZE,
     },
     prelude::*,
 };
@@ -192,12 +192,12 @@ impl VmIoOnce for DmaCoherent {
 
 impl<'a> DmaCoherent {
     /// Returns a reader to read data from it.
-    pub fn reader(&'a self) -> VmReader<'a> {
+    pub fn reader(&'a self) -> VmReader<'a, Infallible> {
         self.inner.vm_segment.reader()
     }
 
     /// Returns a writer to write data into it.
-    pub fn writer(&'a self) -> VmWriter<'a> {
+    pub fn writer(&'a self) -> VmWriter<'a, Infallible> {
         self.inner.vm_segment.writer()
     }
 }
diff --git a/ostd/src/mm/dma/dma_stream.rs b/ostd/src/mm/dma/dma_stream.rs
index d20b01e56..ed32062fe 100644
--- a/ostd/src/mm/dma/dma_stream.rs
+++ b/ostd/src/mm/dma/dma_stream.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use crate::{
     error::Error,
     mm::{
         dma::{dma_type, Daddr, DmaType},
-        HasPaddr, Paddr, Segment, VmIo, VmReader, VmWriter, PAGE_SIZE,
+        HasPaddr, Infallible, Paddr, Segment, VmIo, VmReader, VmWriter, PAGE_SIZE,
     },
 };
 
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ impl VmIo for DmaStream {
 
 impl<'a> DmaStream {
     /// Returns a reader to read data from it.
-    pub fn reader(&'a self) -> Result<VmReader<'a>, Error> {
+    pub fn reader(&'a self) -> Result<VmReader<'a, Infallible>, Error> {
         if self.inner.direction == DmaDirection::ToDevice {
             return Err(Error::AccessDenied);
         }
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ impl<'a> DmaStream {
     }
 
     /// Returns a writer to write data into it.
-    pub fn writer(&'a self) -> Result<VmWriter<'a>, Error> {
+    pub fn writer(&'a self) -> Result<VmWriter<'a, Infallible>, Error> {
         if self.inner.direction == DmaDirection::FromDevice {
             return Err(Error::AccessDenied);
         }
diff --git a/ostd/src/mm/frame/mod.rs b/ostd/src/mm/frame/mod.rs
index 17ec2399c..01f1ad844 100644
--- a/ostd/src/mm/frame/mod.rs
+++ b/ostd/src/mm/frame/mod.rs
@@ -15,9 +15,12 @@ use core::mem::ManuallyDrop;
 
 pub use segment::Segment;
 
-use super::page::{
-    meta::{FrameMeta, MetaSlot, PageMeta, PageUsage},
-    DynPage, Page,
+use super::{
+    page::{
+        meta::{FrameMeta, MetaSlot, PageMeta, PageUsage},
+        DynPage, Page,
+    },
+    Infallible,
 };
 use crate::{
     mm::{
@@ -111,7 +114,7 @@ impl HasPaddr for Frame {
 
 impl<'a> Frame {
     /// Returns a reader to read data from it.
-    pub fn reader(&'a self) -> VmReader<'a> {
+    pub fn reader(&'a self) -> VmReader<'a, Infallible> {
         // SAFETY:
         // - The memory range points to untyped memory.
         // - The frame is alive during the lifetime `'a`.
@@ -120,7 +123,7 @@ impl<'a> Frame {
     }
 
     /// Returns a writer to write data into it.
-    pub fn writer(&'a self) -> VmWriter<'a> {
+    pub fn writer(&'a self) -> VmWriter<'a, Infallible> {
         // SAFETY:
         // - The memory range points to untyped memory.
         // - The frame is alive during the lifetime `'a`.
@@ -163,7 +166,7 @@ impl VmIo for alloc::vec::Vec<Frame> {
 
         let num_skip_pages = offset / PAGE_SIZE;
         let mut start = offset % PAGE_SIZE;
-        let mut buf_writer: VmWriter = buf.into();
+        let mut buf_writer: VmWriter<Infallible> = buf.into();
         for frame in self.iter().skip(num_skip_pages) {
             let read_len = frame.reader().skip(start).read(&mut buf_writer);
             if read_len == 0 {
@@ -183,7 +186,7 @@ impl VmIo for alloc::vec::Vec<Frame> {
 
         let num_skip_pages = offset / PAGE_SIZE;
         let mut start = offset % PAGE_SIZE;
-        let mut buf_reader: VmReader = buf.into();
+        let mut buf_reader: VmReader<Infallible> = buf.into();
         for frame in self.iter().skip(num_skip_pages) {
             let write_len = frame.writer().skip(start).write(&mut buf_reader);
             if write_len == 0 {
diff --git a/ostd/src/mm/frame/segment.rs b/ostd/src/mm/frame/segment.rs
index 414daae7c..53b44a6eb 100644
--- a/ostd/src/mm/frame/segment.rs
+++ b/ostd/src/mm/frame/segment.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use super::Frame;
 use crate::{
     mm::{
         page::{cont_pages::ContPages, meta::FrameMeta, Page},
-        HasPaddr, Paddr, VmIo, VmReader, VmWriter, PAGE_SIZE,
+        HasPaddr, Infallible, Paddr, VmIo, VmReader, VmWriter, PAGE_SIZE,
     },
     Error, Result,
 };
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ impl Segment {
 
 impl<'a> Segment {
     /// Returns a reader to read data from it.
-    pub fn reader(&'a self) -> VmReader<'a> {
+    pub fn reader(&'a self) -> VmReader<'a, Infallible> {
         // SAFETY:
         // - The memory range points to untyped memory.
         // - The segment is alive during the lifetime `'a`.
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ impl<'a> Segment {
     }
 
     /// Returns a writer to write data into it.
-    pub fn writer(&'a self) -> VmWriter<'a> {
+    pub fn writer(&'a self) -> VmWriter<'a, Infallible> {
         // SAFETY:
         // - The memory range points to untyped memory.
         // - The segment is alive during the lifetime `'a`.
diff --git a/ostd/src/mm/io.rs b/ostd/src/mm/io.rs
index e67b9db7d..31c94a427 100644
--- a/ostd/src/mm/io.rs
+++ b/ostd/src/mm/io.rs
@@ -250,12 +250,11 @@ impl_vm_io_once_pointer!(Box<T>, "(**self)");
 impl_vm_io_once_pointer!(Arc<T>, "(**self)");
 
 /// A marker structure used for [`VmReader`] and [`VmWriter`],
-/// representing their operated memory scope is in user space.
-pub struct UserSpace;
-
+/// representing whether reads or writes on the underlying memory region are fallible.
+pub struct Fallible;
 /// A marker structure used for [`VmReader`] and [`VmWriter`],
-/// representing their operated memory scope is in kernel space.
-pub struct KernelSpace;
+/// representing whether reads or writes on the underlying memory region are infallible.
+pub struct Infallible;
 
 /// Copies `len` bytes from `src` to `dst`.
 ///
@@ -300,13 +299,44 @@ unsafe fn memcpy_fallible(dst: *mut u8, src: *const u8, len: usize) -> usize {
     len - failed_bytes
 }
 
+/// Fallible memory read from a `VmWriter`.
+pub trait FallibleVmRead<F> {
+    /// Reads all data into the writer until one of the three conditions is met:
+    /// 1. The reader has no remaining data.
+    /// 2. The writer has no available space.
+    /// 3. The reader/writer encounters some error.
+    ///
+    /// On success, the number of bytes read is returned;
+    /// On error, both the error and the number of bytes read so far are returned.
+    fn read_fallible(
+        &mut self,
+        writer: &mut VmWriter<'_, F>,
+    ) -> core::result::Result<usize, (Error, usize)>;
+}
+
+/// Fallible memory write from a `VmReader`.
+pub trait FallibleVmWrite<F> {
+    /// Writes all data from the reader until one of the three conditions is met:
+    /// 1. The reader has no remaining data.
+    /// 2. The writer has no available space.
+    /// 3. The reader/writer encounters some error.
+    ///
+    /// On success, the number of bytes written is returned;
+    /// On error, both the error and the number of bytes written so far are returned.
+    fn write_fallible(
+        &mut self,
+        reader: &mut VmReader<'_, F>,
+    ) -> core::result::Result<usize, (Error, usize)>;
+}
+
 /// `VmReader` is a reader for reading data from a contiguous range of memory.
 ///
 /// The memory range read by `VmReader` can be in either kernel space or user space.
 /// When the operating range is in kernel space, the memory within that range
-/// is guaranteed to be valid.
+/// is guaranteed to be valid, and the corresponding memory reads are infallible.
 /// When the operating range is in user space, it is ensured that the page table of
-/// the process creating the `VmReader` is active for the duration of `'a`.
+/// the process creating the `VmReader` is active for the duration of `'a`,
+/// and the corresponding memory reads are considered fallible.
 ///
 /// When perform reading with a `VmWriter`, if one of them represents typed memory,
 /// it can ensure that the reading range in this reader and writing range in the
@@ -316,25 +346,18 @@ unsafe fn memcpy_fallible(dst: *mut u8, src: *const u8, len: usize) -> usize {
 /// and physical address level. There is not guarantee for the operation results
 /// of `VmReader` and `VmWriter` in overlapping untyped addresses, and it is
 /// the user's responsibility to handle this situation.
-pub struct VmReader<'a, Space = KernelSpace> {
+pub struct VmReader<'a, Fallibility = Fallible> {
     cursor: *const u8,
     end: *const u8,
-    phantom: PhantomData<(&'a [u8], Space)>,
+    phantom: PhantomData<(&'a [u8], Fallibility)>,
 }
 
 macro_rules! impl_read_fallible {
-    ($read_space:ty, $write_space:ty) => {
-        impl<'a> VmReader<'a, $read_space> {
-            /// Reads all data into the writer until one of the three conditions is met:
-            /// 1. The reader has no remaining data.
-            /// 2. The writer has no available space.
-            /// 3. The reader/writer encounters some error.
-            ///
-            /// On success, the number of bytes read is returned;
-            /// On error, both the error and the number of bytes read so far are returned.
-            pub fn read_fallible(
+    ($reader_fallibility:ty, $writer_fallibility:ty) => {
+        impl<'a> FallibleVmRead<$writer_fallibility> for VmReader<'a, $reader_fallibility> {
+            fn read_fallible(
                 &mut self,
-                writer: &mut VmWriter<'_, $write_space>,
+                writer: &mut VmWriter<'_, $writer_fallibility>,
             ) -> core::result::Result<usize, (Error, usize)> {
                 let copy_len = self.remain().min(writer.avail());
                 if copy_len == 0 {
@@ -361,18 +384,11 @@ macro_rules! impl_read_fallible {
 }
 
 macro_rules! impl_write_fallible {
-    ($read_space:ty, $write_space:ty) => {
-        impl<'a> VmWriter<'a, $write_space> {
-            /// Writes all data from the reader until one of the three conditions is met:
-            /// 1. The reader has no remaining data.
-            /// 2. The writer has no available space.
-            /// 3. The reader/writer encounters some error.
-            ///
-            /// On success, the number of bytes written is returned;
-            /// On error, both the error and the number of bytes written so far are returned.
-            pub fn write_fallible(
+    ($writer_fallibility:ty, $reader_fallibility:ty) => {
+        impl<'a> FallibleVmWrite<$reader_fallibility> for VmWriter<'a, $writer_fallibility> {
+            fn write_fallible(
                 &mut self,
-                reader: &mut VmReader<'_, $read_space>,
+                reader: &mut VmReader<'_, $reader_fallibility>,
             ) -> core::result::Result<usize, (Error, usize)> {
                 reader.read_fallible(self)
             }
@@ -380,14 +396,14 @@ macro_rules! impl_write_fallible {
     };
 }
 
-// TODO: implement an additional function `memcpy_nonoverlapping_fallible`
-// to implement read/write instruction from user space to user space.
-impl_read_fallible!(UserSpace, KernelSpace);
-impl_read_fallible!(KernelSpace, UserSpace);
-impl_write_fallible!(UserSpace, KernelSpace);
-impl_write_fallible!(KernelSpace, UserSpace);
+impl_read_fallible!(Fallible, Infallible);
+impl_read_fallible!(Fallible, Fallible);
+impl_read_fallible!(Infallible, Fallible);
+impl_write_fallible!(Fallible, Infallible);
+impl_write_fallible!(Fallible, Fallible);
+impl_write_fallible!(Infallible, Fallible);
 
-impl<'a> VmReader<'a, KernelSpace> {
+impl<'a> VmReader<'a, Infallible> {
     /// Constructs a `VmReader` from a pointer and a length, which represents
     /// a memory range in kernel space.
     ///
@@ -397,8 +413,9 @@ impl<'a> VmReader<'a, KernelSpace> {
     ///
     /// [valid]: crate::mm::io#safety
     pub unsafe fn from_kernel_space(ptr: *const u8, len: usize) -> Self {
-        // If casting a zero sized slice to a pointer, the pointer may be null
-        // and does not reside in our kernel space range.
+        // Rust is allowed to give the reference to a zero-sized object a very small address,
+        // falling out of the kernel virtual address space range.
+        // So when `len` is zero, we should not and need not to check `ptr`.
         debug_assert!(len == 0 || KERNEL_BASE_VADDR <= ptr as usize);
         debug_assert!(len == 0 || ptr.add(len) as usize <= KERNEL_END_VADDR);
 
@@ -414,7 +431,7 @@ impl<'a> VmReader<'a, KernelSpace> {
     /// 2. The writer has no available space.
     ///
     /// Returns the number of bytes read.
-    pub fn read(&mut self, writer: &mut VmWriter<'_, KernelSpace>) -> usize {
+    pub fn read(&mut self, writer: &mut VmWriter<'_, Infallible>) -> usize {
         let copy_len = self.remain().min(writer.avail());
         if copy_len == 0 {
             return 0;
@@ -474,9 +491,17 @@ impl<'a> VmReader<'a, KernelSpace> {
 
         Ok(val)
     }
+
+    /// Converts to a fallible reader.
+    pub fn to_fallible(self) -> VmReader<'a, Fallible> {
+        // SAFETY: It is safe to transmute to a fallible reader since
+        // 1. the fallibility is a zero-sized marker type,
+        // 2. an infallible reader covers the capabilities of a fallible reader.
+        unsafe { core::mem::transmute(self) }
+    }
 }
 
-impl<'a> VmReader<'a, UserSpace> {
+impl<'a> VmReader<'a, Fallible> {
     /// Constructs a `VmReader` from a pointer and a length, which represents
     /// a memory range in user space.
     ///
@@ -498,6 +523,10 @@ impl<'a> VmReader<'a, UserSpace> {
     /// If the length of the `Pod` type exceeds `self.remain()`,
     /// or the value can not be read completely,
     /// this method will return `Err`.
+    ///
+    /// If the memory read failed, this method will return `Err`
+    /// and the current reader's cursor remains pointing to
+    /// the original starting position.
     pub fn read_val<T: Pod>(&mut self) -> Result<T> {
         if self.remain() < core::mem::size_of::<T>() {
             return Err(Error::InvalidArgs);
@@ -506,12 +535,19 @@ impl<'a> VmReader<'a, UserSpace> {
         let mut val = T::new_uninit();
         let mut writer = VmWriter::from(val.as_bytes_mut());
         self.read_fallible(&mut writer)
-            .map(|_| val)
-            .map_err(|err| err.0)
+            .map_err(|(err, copied_len)| {
+                // SAFETY: The `copied_len` is the number of bytes read so far.
+                // So the `cursor` can be moved back to the original position.
+                unsafe {
+                    self.cursor = self.cursor.sub(copied_len);
+                }
+                err
+            })?;
+        Ok(val)
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, Space> VmReader<'a, Space> {
+impl<'a, Fallibility> VmReader<'a, Fallibility> {
     /// Returns the number of bytes for the remaining data.
     pub const fn remain(&self) -> usize {
         // SAFETY: the end is equal to or greater than the cursor.
@@ -554,7 +590,7 @@ impl<'a, Space> VmReader<'a, Space> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> From<&'a [u8]> for VmReader<'a> {
+impl<'a> From<&'a [u8]> for VmReader<'a, Infallible> {
     fn from(slice: &'a [u8]) -> Self {
         // SAFETY:
         // - The memory range points to typed memory.
@@ -569,9 +605,10 @@ impl<'a> From<&'a [u8]> for VmReader<'a> {
 ///
 /// The memory range write by `VmWriter` can be in either kernel space or user space.
 /// When the operating range is in kernel space, the memory within that range
-/// is guaranteed to be valid.
+/// is guaranteed to be valid, and the corresponding memory writes are infallible.
 /// When the operating range is in user space, it is ensured that the page table of
-/// the process creating the `VmWriter` is active for the duration of `'a`.
+/// the process creating the `VmWriter` is active for the duration of `'a`,
+/// and the corresponding memory writes are considered fallible.
 ///
 /// When perform writing with a `VmReader`, if one of them represents typed memory,
 /// it can ensure that the writing range in this writer and reading range in the
@@ -581,13 +618,13 @@ impl<'a> From<&'a [u8]> for VmReader<'a> {
 /// and physical address level. There is not guarantee for the operation results
 /// of `VmReader` and `VmWriter` in overlapping untyped addresses, and it is
 /// the user's responsibility to handle this situation.
-pub struct VmWriter<'a, Space = KernelSpace> {
+pub struct VmWriter<'a, Fallibility = Fallible> {
     cursor: *mut u8,
     end: *mut u8,
-    phantom: PhantomData<(&'a mut [u8], Space)>,
+    phantom: PhantomData<(&'a mut [u8], Fallibility)>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> VmWriter<'a, KernelSpace> {
+impl<'a> VmWriter<'a, Infallible> {
     /// Constructs a `VmWriter` from a pointer and a length, which represents
     /// a memory range in kernel space.
     ///
@@ -614,7 +651,7 @@ impl<'a> VmWriter<'a, KernelSpace> {
     /// 2. The writer has no available space.
     ///
     /// Returns the number of bytes written.
-    pub fn write(&mut self, reader: &mut VmReader<'_, KernelSpace>) -> usize {
+    pub fn write(&mut self, reader: &mut VmReader<'_, Infallible>) -> usize {
         reader.read(self)
     }
 
@@ -686,9 +723,17 @@ impl<'a> VmWriter<'a, KernelSpace> {
         self.cursor = self.end;
         written_num
     }
+
+    /// Converts to a fallible writer.
+    pub fn to_fallible(self) -> VmWriter<'a, Fallible> {
+        // SAFETY: It is safe to transmute to a fallible writer since
+        // 1. the fallibility is a zero-sized marker type,
+        // 2. an infallible reader covers the capabilities of a fallible reader.
+        unsafe { core::mem::transmute(self) }
+    }
 }
 
-impl<'a> VmWriter<'a, UserSpace> {
+impl<'a> VmWriter<'a, Fallible> {
     /// Constructs a `VmWriter` from a pointer and a length, which represents
     /// a memory range in user space.
     ///
@@ -713,18 +758,30 @@ impl<'a> VmWriter<'a, UserSpace> {
     /// If the length of the `Pod` type exceeds `self.avail()`,
     /// or the value can not be write completely,
     /// this method will return `Err`.
+    ///
+    /// If the memory write failed, this method will return `Err`
+    /// and the current writer's cursor remains pointing to
+    /// the original starting position.
     pub fn write_val<T: Pod>(&mut self, new_val: &T) -> Result<()> {
         if self.avail() < core::mem::size_of::<T>() {
             return Err(Error::InvalidArgs);
         }
 
         let mut reader = VmReader::from(new_val.as_bytes());
-        self.write_fallible(&mut reader).map_err(|err| err.0)?;
+        self.write_fallible(&mut reader)
+            .map_err(|(err, copied_len)| {
+                // SAFETY: The `copied_len` is the number of bytes written so far.
+                // So the `cursor` can be moved back to the original position.
+                unsafe {
+                    self.cursor = self.cursor.sub(copied_len);
+                }
+                err
+            })?;
         Ok(())
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, Space> VmWriter<'a, Space> {
+impl<'a, Fallibility> VmWriter<'a, Fallibility> {
     /// Returns the number of bytes for the available space.
     pub const fn avail(&self) -> usize {
         // SAFETY: the end is equal to or greater than the cursor.
@@ -767,7 +824,7 @@ impl<'a, Space> VmWriter<'a, Space> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> From<&'a mut [u8]> for VmWriter<'a> {
+impl<'a> From<&'a mut [u8]> for VmWriter<'a, Infallible> {
     fn from(slice: &'a mut [u8]) -> Self {
         // SAFETY:
         // - The memory range points to typed memory.
diff --git a/ostd/src/mm/mod.rs b/ostd/src/mm/mod.rs
index d3aa68326..2becf76a3 100644
--- a/ostd/src/mm/mod.rs
+++ b/ostd/src/mm/mod.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,10 @@ use spin::Once;
 pub use self::{
     dma::{Daddr, DmaCoherent, DmaDirection, DmaStream, DmaStreamSlice, HasDaddr},
     frame::{options::FrameAllocOptions, Frame, Segment},
-    io::{KernelSpace, PodOnce, UserSpace, VmIo, VmIoOnce, VmReader, VmWriter},
+    io::{
+        Fallible, FallibleVmRead, FallibleVmWrite, Infallible, PodOnce, VmIo, VmIoOnce, VmReader,
+        VmWriter,
+    },
     page_prop::{CachePolicy, PageFlags, PageProperty},
     vm_space::VmSpace,
 };
diff --git a/ostd/src/mm/vm_space.rs b/ostd/src/mm/vm_space.rs
index 574d8efb3..a84111347 100644
--- a/ostd/src/mm/vm_space.rs
+++ b/ostd/src/mm/vm_space.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ use core::ops::Range;
 use spin::Once;
 
 use super::{
-    io::UserSpace,
+    io::Fallible,
     kspace::KERNEL_PAGE_TABLE,
     page_table::{PageTable, UserMode},
     PageFlags, PageProperty, VmReader, VmWriter,
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ impl VmSpace {
     ///
     /// Returns `Err` if this `VmSpace` is not belonged to the user space of the current task
     /// or the `vaddr` and `len` do not represent a user space memory range.
-    pub fn reader(&self, vaddr: Vaddr, len: usize) -> Result<VmReader<'_, UserSpace>> {
+    pub fn reader(&self, vaddr: Vaddr, len: usize) -> Result<VmReader<'_, Fallible>> {
         if current_page_table_paddr() != unsafe { self.pt.root_paddr() } {
             return Err(Error::AccessDenied);
         }
@@ -206,14 +206,14 @@ impl VmSpace {
         // the `VmReader`.
         //
         // SAFETY: The memory range is in user space, as checked above.
-        Ok(unsafe { VmReader::<UserSpace>::from_user_space(vaddr as *const u8, len) })
+        Ok(unsafe { VmReader::<Fallible>::from_user_space(vaddr as *const u8, len) })
     }
 
     /// Creates a writer to write data into the user space.
     ///
     /// Returns `Err` if this `VmSpace` is not belonged to the user space of the current task
     /// or the `vaddr` and `len` do not represent a user space memory range.
-    pub fn writer(&self, vaddr: Vaddr, len: usize) -> Result<VmWriter<'_, UserSpace>> {
+    pub fn writer(&self, vaddr: Vaddr, len: usize) -> Result<VmWriter<'_, Fallible>> {
         if current_page_table_paddr() != unsafe { self.pt.root_paddr() } {
             return Err(Error::AccessDenied);
         }
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ impl VmSpace {
         // the `VmWriter`.
         //
         // SAFETY: The memory range is in user space, as checked above.
-        Ok(unsafe { VmWriter::<UserSpace>::from_user_space(vaddr as *mut u8, len) })
+        Ok(unsafe { VmWriter::<Fallible>::from_user_space(vaddr as *mut u8, len) })
     }
 }