diff --git a/kernel/comps/block/src/bio.rs b/kernel/comps/block/src/bio.rs
index 181ec16cd..f18759e5b 100644
--- a/kernel/comps/block/src/bio.rs
+++ b/kernel/comps/block/src/bio.rs
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ use bitvec::array::BitArray;
 use int_to_c_enum::TryFromInt;
 use ostd::{
     mm::{
-        DmaDirection, DmaStream, DmaStreamSlice, FrameAllocOptions, Infallible, UntypedSegment,
-        VmIo, VmReader, VmWriter,
+        DmaDirection, DmaStream, DmaStreamSlice, DynUSegment, FrameAllocOptions, Infallible, VmIo,
+        VmReader, VmWriter,
     },
     sync::{SpinLock, WaitQueue},
     Error,
@@ -426,11 +426,11 @@ impl<'a> BioSegment {
         let bio_segment_inner = target_pool(direction)
             .and_then(|pool| pool.alloc(nblocks, offset_within_first_block, len))
             .unwrap_or_else(|| {
-                let segment = FrameAllocOptions::new(nblocks)
-                    .uninit(true)
-                    .alloc_contiguous()
+                let segment = FrameAllocOptions::new()
+                    .zeroed(false)
+                    .alloc_segment(nblocks)
                     .unwrap();
-                let dma_stream = DmaStream::map(segment, direction.into(), false).unwrap();
+                let dma_stream = DmaStream::map(segment.into(), direction.into(), false).unwrap();
                 BioSegmentInner {
                     dma_slice: DmaStreamSlice::new(dma_stream, offset_within_first_block, len),
                     from_pool: false,
@@ -442,9 +442,9 @@ impl<'a> BioSegment {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Constructs a new `BioSegment` with a given `UntypedSegment` and the bio direction.
-    pub fn new_from_segment(segment: UntypedSegment, direction: BioDirection) -> Self {
-        let len = segment.nbytes();
+    /// Constructs a new `BioSegment` with a given `DynUSegment` and the bio direction.
+    pub fn new_from_segment(segment: DynUSegment, direction: BioDirection) -> Self {
+        let len = segment.size();
         let dma_stream = DmaStream::map(segment, direction.into(), false).unwrap();
         Self {
             inner: Arc::new(BioSegmentInner {
@@ -481,8 +481,8 @@ impl<'a> BioSegment {
 
     /// Returns the inner VM segment.
     #[cfg(ktest)]
-    pub fn inner_segment(&self) -> &UntypedSegment {
-        self.inner.dma_slice.stream().vm_segment()
+    pub fn inner_segment(&self) -> &DynUSegment {
+        self.inner.dma_slice.stream().segment()
     }
 
     /// Returns a reader to read data from it.
@@ -560,11 +560,11 @@ impl BioSegmentPool {
     pub fn new(direction: BioDirection) -> Self {
         let total_blocks = POOL_DEFAULT_NBLOCKS;
         let pool = {
-            let segment = FrameAllocOptions::new(total_blocks)
-                .uninit(true)
-                .alloc_contiguous()
+            let segment = FrameAllocOptions::new()
+                .zeroed(false)
+                .alloc_segment(total_blocks)
                 .unwrap();
-            DmaStream::map(segment, direction.into(), false).unwrap()
+            DmaStream::map(segment.into(), direction.into(), false).unwrap()
         };
         let manager = SpinLock::new(PoolSlotManager {
             occupied: BitArray::ZERO,
diff --git a/kernel/comps/network/src/buffer.rs b/kernel/comps/network/src/buffer.rs
index b2ebea896..8c4f64499 100644
--- a/kernel/comps/network/src/buffer.rs
+++ b/kernel/comps/network/src/buffer.rs
@@ -34,10 +34,10 @@ impl TxBuffer {
         let dma_stream = if let Some(stream) = pool.lock().pop_front() {
             stream
         } else {
-            let segment = FrameAllocOptions::new(TX_BUFFER_LEN / PAGE_SIZE)
-                .alloc_contiguous()
+            let segment = FrameAllocOptions::new()
+                .alloc_segment(TX_BUFFER_LEN / PAGE_SIZE)
                 .unwrap();
-            DmaStream::map(segment, DmaDirection::ToDevice, false).unwrap()
+            DmaStream::map(segment.into(), DmaDirection::ToDevice, false).unwrap()
         };
 
         let tx_buffer = {
diff --git a/kernel/comps/network/src/dma_pool.rs b/kernel/comps/network/src/dma_pool.rs
index fe74b13e9..fe34ac5e9 100644
--- a/kernel/comps/network/src/dma_pool.rs
+++ b/kernel/comps/network/src/dma_pool.rs
@@ -152,9 +152,9 @@ impl DmaPage {
         pool: Weak<DmaPool>,
     ) -> Result<Self, ostd::Error> {
         let dma_stream = {
-            let segment = FrameAllocOptions::new(1).alloc_contiguous()?;
+            let segment = FrameAllocOptions::new().alloc_segment(1)?;
 
-            DmaStream::map(segment, direction, is_cache_coherent)
+            DmaStream::map(segment.into(), direction, is_cache_coherent)
                 .map_err(|_| ostd::Error::AccessDenied)?
         };
 
diff --git a/kernel/comps/virtio/src/device/block/device.rs b/kernel/comps/virtio/src/device/block/device.rs
index ddcca3af4..78f871e49 100644
--- a/kernel/comps/virtio/src/device/block/device.rs
+++ b/kernel/comps/virtio/src/device/block/device.rs
@@ -141,13 +141,13 @@ impl DeviceInner {
         let queue = VirtQueue::new(0, Self::QUEUE_SIZE, transport.as_mut())
             .expect("create virtqueue failed");
         let block_requests = {
-            let vm_segment = FrameAllocOptions::new(1).alloc_contiguous().unwrap();
-            DmaStream::map(vm_segment, DmaDirection::Bidirectional, false).unwrap()
+            let segment = FrameAllocOptions::new().alloc_segment(1).unwrap();
+            DmaStream::map(segment.into(), DmaDirection::Bidirectional, false).unwrap()
         };
         assert!(Self::QUEUE_SIZE as usize * REQ_SIZE <= block_requests.nbytes());
         let block_responses = {
-            let vm_segment = FrameAllocOptions::new(1).alloc_contiguous().unwrap();
-            DmaStream::map(vm_segment, DmaDirection::Bidirectional, false).unwrap()
+            let segment = FrameAllocOptions::new().alloc_segment(1).unwrap();
+            DmaStream::map(segment.into(), DmaDirection::Bidirectional, false).unwrap()
         };
         assert!(Self::QUEUE_SIZE as usize * RESP_SIZE <= block_responses.nbytes());
 
@@ -261,11 +261,11 @@ impl DeviceInner {
         };
         const MAX_ID_LENGTH: usize = 20;
         let device_id_stream = {
-            let segment = FrameAllocOptions::new(1)
-                .uninit(true)
-                .alloc_contiguous()
+            let segment = FrameAllocOptions::new()
+                .zeroed(false)
+                .alloc_segment(1)
                 .unwrap();
-            DmaStream::map(segment, DmaDirection::FromDevice, false).unwrap()
+            DmaStream::map(segment.into(), DmaDirection::FromDevice, false).unwrap()
         };
         let device_id_slice = DmaStreamSlice::new(&device_id_stream, 0, MAX_ID_LENGTH);
         let outputs = vec![&device_id_slice, &resp_slice];
diff --git a/kernel/comps/virtio/src/device/console/device.rs b/kernel/comps/virtio/src/device/console/device.rs
index efa9aa312..b04d0040b 100644
--- a/kernel/comps/virtio/src/device/console/device.rs
+++ b/kernel/comps/virtio/src/device/console/device.rs
@@ -87,13 +87,13 @@ impl ConsoleDevice {
             SpinLock::new(VirtQueue::new(TRANSMIT0_QUEUE_INDEX, 2, transport.as_mut()).unwrap());
 
         let send_buffer = {
-            let vm_segment = FrameAllocOptions::new(1).alloc_contiguous().unwrap();
-            DmaStream::map(vm_segment, DmaDirection::ToDevice, false).unwrap()
+            let segment = FrameAllocOptions::new().alloc_segment(1).unwrap();
+            DmaStream::map(segment.into(), DmaDirection::ToDevice, false).unwrap()
         };
 
         let receive_buffer = {
-            let vm_segment = FrameAllocOptions::new(1).alloc_contiguous().unwrap();
-            DmaStream::map(vm_segment, DmaDirection::FromDevice, false).unwrap()
+            let segment = FrameAllocOptions::new().alloc_segment(1).unwrap();
+            DmaStream::map(segment.into(), DmaDirection::FromDevice, false).unwrap()
         };
 
         let device = Arc::new(Self {
diff --git a/kernel/comps/virtio/src/device/input/device.rs b/kernel/comps/virtio/src/device/input/device.rs
index 6b76cccee..971fbf692 100644
--- a/kernel/comps/virtio/src/device/input/device.rs
+++ b/kernel/comps/virtio/src/device/input/device.rs
@@ -261,14 +261,14 @@ impl EventTable {
     fn new(num_events: usize) -> Self {
         assert!(num_events * mem::size_of::<VirtioInputEvent>() <= PAGE_SIZE);
 
-        let vm_segment = FrameAllocOptions::new(1).alloc_contiguous().unwrap();
+        let segment = FrameAllocOptions::new().alloc_segment(1).unwrap();
 
         let default_event = VirtioInputEvent::default();
         let iter = iter::repeat(&default_event).take(EVENT_SIZE);
-        let nr_written = vm_segment.write_vals(0, iter, 0).unwrap();
+        let nr_written = segment.write_vals(0, iter, 0).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(nr_written, EVENT_SIZE);
 
-        let stream = DmaStream::map(vm_segment, DmaDirection::FromDevice, false).unwrap();
+        let stream = DmaStream::map(segment.into(), DmaDirection::FromDevice, false).unwrap();
         Self { stream, num_events }
     }
 
diff --git a/kernel/comps/virtio/src/queue.rs b/kernel/comps/virtio/src/queue.rs
index 9bc92b16a..6112ac10c 100644
--- a/kernel/comps/virtio/src/queue.rs
+++ b/kernel/comps/virtio/src/queue.rs
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ impl VirtQueue {
         }
 
         let (descriptor_ptr, avail_ring_ptr, used_ring_ptr) = if transport.is_legacy_version() {
-            // Currently, we use one UntypedFrame to place the descriptors and available rings, one UntypedFrame to place used rings
+            // Currently, we use one DynUFrame to place the descriptors and available rings, one DynUFrame to place used rings
             // because the virtio-mmio legacy required the address to be continuous. The max queue size is 128.
             if size > 128 {
                 return Err(QueueError::InvalidArgs);
@@ -89,8 +89,8 @@ impl VirtQueue {
                 let align_size = VirtioPciLegacyTransport::QUEUE_ALIGN_SIZE;
                 let total_frames =
                     VirtioPciLegacyTransport::calc_virtqueue_size_aligned(queue_size) / align_size;
-                let continue_segment = FrameAllocOptions::new(total_frames)
-                    .alloc_contiguous()
+                let continue_segment = FrameAllocOptions::new()
+                    .alloc_segment(total_frames)
                     .unwrap();
 
                 let avial_size = size_of::<u16>() * (3 + queue_size);
@@ -99,12 +99,12 @@ impl VirtQueue {
                 continue_segment.split(seg1_frames * align_size)
             };
             let desc_frame_ptr: SafePtr<Descriptor, DmaCoherent> =
-                SafePtr::new(DmaCoherent::map(seg1, true).unwrap(), 0);
+                SafePtr::new(DmaCoherent::map(seg1.into(), true).unwrap(), 0);
             let mut avail_frame_ptr: SafePtr<AvailRing, DmaCoherent> =
                 desc_frame_ptr.clone().cast();
             avail_frame_ptr.byte_add(desc_size);
             let used_frame_ptr: SafePtr<UsedRing, DmaCoherent> =
-                SafePtr::new(DmaCoherent::map(seg2, true).unwrap(), 0);
+                SafePtr::new(DmaCoherent::map(seg2.into(), true).unwrap(), 0);
             (desc_frame_ptr, avail_frame_ptr, used_frame_ptr)
         } else {
             if size > 256 {
@@ -112,18 +112,27 @@ impl VirtQueue {
             }
             (
                 SafePtr::new(
-                    DmaCoherent::map(FrameAllocOptions::new(1).alloc_contiguous().unwrap(), true)
-                        .unwrap(),
+                    DmaCoherent::map(
+                        FrameAllocOptions::new().alloc_segment(1).unwrap().into(),
+                        true,
+                    )
+                    .unwrap(),
                     0,
                 ),
                 SafePtr::new(
-                    DmaCoherent::map(FrameAllocOptions::new(1).alloc_contiguous().unwrap(), true)
-                        .unwrap(),
+                    DmaCoherent::map(
+                        FrameAllocOptions::new().alloc_segment(1).unwrap().into(),
+                        true,
+                    )
+                    .unwrap(),
                     0,
                 ),
                 SafePtr::new(
-                    DmaCoherent::map(FrameAllocOptions::new(1).alloc_contiguous().unwrap(), true)
-                        .unwrap(),
+                    DmaCoherent::map(
+                        FrameAllocOptions::new().alloc_segment(1).unwrap().into(),
+                        true,
+                    )
+                    .unwrap(),
                     0,
                 ),
             )
diff --git a/kernel/libs/aster-util/src/safe_ptr.rs b/kernel/libs/aster-util/src/safe_ptr.rs
index cf7574a8b..89b1c26ff 100644
--- a/kernel/libs/aster-util/src/safe_ptr.rs
+++ b/kernel/libs/aster-util/src/safe_ptr.rs
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ use ostd::{
 ///
 /// The generic parameter `M` of `SafePtr<_, M, _>` must implement the `VmIo`
 /// trait. The most important `VmIo` types are `Vmar`, `Vmo`, `IoMem`, and
-/// `UntypedFrame`. The blanket implementations of `VmIo` also include pointer-like
+/// `DynUFrame`. The blanket implementations of `VmIo` also include pointer-like
 /// types that refer to a `VmIo` type. Some examples are `&Vmo`, `Box<Vmar>`,
 /// and `Arc<IoMem>`.
 ///
diff --git a/kernel/libs/aster-util/src/segment_slice.rs b/kernel/libs/aster-util/src/segment_slice.rs
index f72ea90cd..e0971b97d 100644
--- a/kernel/libs/aster-util/src/segment_slice.rs
+++ b/kernel/libs/aster-util/src/segment_slice.rs
@@ -2,41 +2,41 @@
 
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
 
-//! Provides [`SegmentSlice`] for quick duplication and slicing over [`UntypedSegment`].
+//! Provides [`SegmentSlice`] for quick duplication and slicing over [`DynUSegment`].
 
 use alloc::sync::Arc;
 use core::ops::Range;
 
 use ostd::{
     mm::{
-        FallibleVmRead, FallibleVmWrite, Infallible, Paddr, UntypedFrame, UntypedSegment, VmIo,
-        VmReader, VmWriter, PAGE_SIZE,
+        DynUFrame, DynUSegment, FallibleVmRead, FallibleVmWrite, Infallible, Paddr, UntypedMem,
+        VmIo, VmReader, VmWriter, PAGE_SIZE,
     },
     Error, Result,
 };
 
-/// A reference to a slice of a [`UntypedSegment`].
+/// A reference to a slice of a [`DynUSegment`].
 ///
 /// Cloning a [`SegmentSlice`] is cheap, as it only increments one reference
-/// count. While cloning a [`UntypedSegment`] will increment the reference count of
+/// count. While cloning a [`DynUSegment`] will increment the reference count of
 /// many underlying pages.
 ///
 /// The downside is that the [`SegmentSlice`] requires heap allocation. Also,
-/// if any [`SegmentSlice`] of the original [`UntypedSegment`] is alive, all pages in
-/// the original [`UntypedSegment`], including the pages that are not referenced, will
+/// if any [`SegmentSlice`] of the original [`DynUSegment`] is alive, all pages in
+/// the original [`DynUSegment`], including the pages that are not referenced, will
 /// not be freed.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct SegmentSlice {
-    inner: Arc<UntypedSegment>,
+    inner: Arc<DynUSegment>,
     range: Range<usize>,
 }
 
 impl SegmentSlice {
-    /// Returns a part of the `UntypedSegment`.
+    /// Returns a part of the `DynUSegment`.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
-    /// If `range` is not within the range of this `UntypedSegment`,
+    /// If `range` is not within the range of this `DynUSegment`,
     /// then the method panics.
     pub fn range(&self, range: Range<usize>) -> Self {
         let orig_range = &self.range;
@@ -124,9 +124,9 @@ impl VmIo for SegmentSlice {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<UntypedSegment> for SegmentSlice {
-    fn from(segment: UntypedSegment) -> Self {
-        let range = 0..segment.nbytes() / PAGE_SIZE;
+impl From<DynUSegment> for SegmentSlice {
+    fn from(segment: DynUSegment) -> Self {
+        let range = 0..segment.size() / PAGE_SIZE;
         Self {
             inner: Arc::new(segment),
             range,
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ impl From<UntypedSegment> for SegmentSlice {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<SegmentSlice> for UntypedSegment {
+impl From<SegmentSlice> for DynUSegment {
     fn from(slice: SegmentSlice) -> Self {
         let start = slice.range.start * PAGE_SIZE;
         let end = slice.range.end * PAGE_SIZE;
@@ -142,8 +142,8 @@ impl From<SegmentSlice> for UntypedSegment {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<UntypedFrame> for SegmentSlice {
-    fn from(frame: UntypedFrame) -> Self {
-        SegmentSlice::from(UntypedSegment::from(frame))
+impl From<DynUFrame> for SegmentSlice {
+    fn from(frame: DynUFrame) -> Self {
+        SegmentSlice::from(DynUSegment::from(frame))
     }
 }
diff --git a/kernel/src/device/tdxguest/mod.rs b/kernel/src/device/tdxguest/mod.rs
index 181ae8736..b2f2f722b 100644
--- a/kernel/src/device/tdxguest/mod.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/device/tdxguest/mod.rs
@@ -88,11 +88,8 @@ fn handle_get_report(arg: usize) -> Result<i32> {
     let user_space = CurrentUserSpace::new(&current_task);
     let user_request: TdxReportRequest = user_space.read_val(arg)?;
 
-    let vm_segment = FrameAllocOptions::new(2)
-        .is_contiguous(true)
-        .alloc_contiguous()
-        .unwrap();
-    let dma_coherent = DmaCoherent::map(vm_segment, false).unwrap();
+    let segment = FrameAllocOptions::new().alloc_segment(2).unwrap();
+    let dma_coherent = DmaCoherent::map(segment.into(), false).unwrap();
     dma_coherent
         .write_bytes(0, &user_request.report_data)
         .unwrap();
diff --git a/kernel/src/fs/exfat/fs.rs b/kernel/src/fs/exfat/fs.rs
index 26e3ab840..fc9313209 100644
--- a/kernel/src/fs/exfat/fs.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/fs/exfat/fs.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use aster_block::{
 };
 use hashbrown::HashMap;
 use lru::LruCache;
-use ostd::mm::UntypedFrame;
+use ostd::mm::DynUFrame;
 pub(super) use ostd::mm::VmIo;
 
 use super::{
@@ -368,7 +368,7 @@ impl ExfatFS {
 }
 
 impl PageCacheBackend for ExfatFS {
-    fn read_page_async(&self, idx: usize, frame: &UntypedFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
+    fn read_page_async(&self, idx: usize, frame: &DynUFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
         if self.fs_size() < idx * PAGE_SIZE {
             return_errno_with_message!(Errno::EINVAL, "invalid read size")
         }
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ impl PageCacheBackend for ExfatFS {
         Ok(waiter)
     }
 
-    fn write_page_async(&self, idx: usize, frame: &UntypedFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
+    fn write_page_async(&self, idx: usize, frame: &DynUFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
         if self.fs_size() < idx * PAGE_SIZE {
             return_errno_with_message!(Errno::EINVAL, "invalid write size")
         }
diff --git a/kernel/src/fs/exfat/inode.rs b/kernel/src/fs/exfat/inode.rs
index c72c22b0c..d1497fc2f 100644
--- a/kernel/src/fs/exfat/inode.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/fs/exfat/inode.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ use aster_block::{
     BLOCK_SIZE,
 };
 use aster_rights::Full;
-use ostd::mm::{UntypedFrame, VmIo};
+use ostd::mm::{DynUFrame, VmIo};
 
 use super::{
     constants::*,
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ struct ExfatInodeInner {
 }
 
 impl PageCacheBackend for ExfatInode {
-    fn read_page_async(&self, idx: usize, frame: &UntypedFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
+    fn read_page_async(&self, idx: usize, frame: &DynUFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
         let inner = self.inner.read();
         if inner.size < idx * PAGE_SIZE {
             return_errno_with_message!(Errno::EINVAL, "Invalid read size")
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ impl PageCacheBackend for ExfatInode {
         Ok(waiter)
     }
 
-    fn write_page_async(&self, idx: usize, frame: &UntypedFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
+    fn write_page_async(&self, idx: usize, frame: &DynUFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
         let inner = self.inner.read();
         let sector_size = inner.fs().sector_size();
 
diff --git a/kernel/src/fs/exfat/mod.rs b/kernel/src/fs/exfat/mod.rs
index 03d46090a..0457eb49f 100644
--- a/kernel/src/fs/exfat/mod.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/fs/exfat/mod.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ mod test {
         BlockDevice, BlockDeviceMeta,
     };
     use ostd::{
-        mm::{FrameAllocOptions, UntypedSegment, VmIo, PAGE_SIZE},
+        mm::{FrameAllocOptions, Segment, VmIo, PAGE_SIZE},
         prelude::*,
     };
     use rand::{rngs::SmallRng, RngCore, SeedableRng};
@@ -40,15 +40,15 @@ mod test {
 
     /// Followings are implementations of memory simulated block device
     pub const SECTOR_SIZE: usize = 512;
-    struct ExfatMemoryBioQueue(UntypedSegment);
+    struct ExfatMemoryBioQueue(Segment<()>);
 
     impl ExfatMemoryBioQueue {
-        pub fn new(segment: UntypedSegment) -> Self {
+        pub fn new(segment: Segment<()>) -> Self {
             ExfatMemoryBioQueue(segment)
         }
 
         pub fn sectors_count(&self) -> usize {
-            self.0.nbytes() / SECTOR_SIZE
+            self.0.size() / SECTOR_SIZE
         }
     }
 
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ mod test {
     }
 
     impl ExfatMemoryDisk {
-        pub fn new(segment: UntypedSegment) -> Self {
+        pub fn new(segment: Segment<()>) -> Self {
             ExfatMemoryDisk {
                 queue: ExfatMemoryBioQueue::new(segment),
             }
@@ -111,20 +111,20 @@ mod test {
     static EXFAT_IMAGE: &[u8] = include_bytes!("../../../../test/build/exfat.img");
 
     /// Read exfat disk image
-    fn new_vm_segment_from_image() -> UntypedSegment {
-        let vm_segment = FrameAllocOptions::new(EXFAT_IMAGE.len().div_ceil(PAGE_SIZE))
-            .uninit(true)
-            .alloc_contiguous()
+    fn new_vm_segment_from_image() -> Segment<()> {
+        let segment = FrameAllocOptions::new()
+            .zeroed(false)
+            .alloc_segment(EXFAT_IMAGE.len().div_ceil(PAGE_SIZE))
             .unwrap();
 
-        vm_segment.write_bytes(0, EXFAT_IMAGE).unwrap();
-        vm_segment
+        segment.write_bytes(0, EXFAT_IMAGE).unwrap();
+        segment
     }
 
     // Generate a simulated exfat file system
     fn load_exfat() -> Arc<ExfatFS> {
-        let vm_segment = new_vm_segment_from_image();
-        let disk = ExfatMemoryDisk::new(vm_segment);
+        let segment = new_vm_segment_from_image();
+        let disk = ExfatMemoryDisk::new(segment);
         let mount_option = ExfatMountOptions::default();
         let fs = ExfatFS::open(Arc::new(disk), mount_option);
         assert!(fs.is_ok(), "Fs failed to init:{:?}", fs.unwrap_err());
diff --git a/kernel/src/fs/ext2/block_group.rs b/kernel/src/fs/ext2/block_group.rs
index 9fd28ea9f..fa2c6c4d0 100644
--- a/kernel/src/fs/ext2/block_group.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/fs/ext2/block_group.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ struct BlockGroupImpl {
 impl BlockGroup {
     /// Loads and constructs a block group.
     pub fn load(
-        group_descriptors_segment: &UntypedSegment,
+        group_descriptors_segment: &DynUSegment,
         idx: usize,
         block_device: &dyn BlockDevice,
         super_block: &SuperBlock,
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ impl Debug for BlockGroup {
 }
 
 impl PageCacheBackend for BlockGroupImpl {
-    fn read_page_async(&self, idx: usize, frame: &UntypedFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
+    fn read_page_async(&self, idx: usize, frame: &DynUFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
         let bid = self.inode_table_bid + idx as Ext2Bid;
         let bio_segment =
             BioSegment::new_from_segment(frame.clone().into(), BioDirection::FromDevice);
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ impl PageCacheBackend for BlockGroupImpl {
             .read_blocks_async(bid, bio_segment)
     }
 
-    fn write_page_async(&self, idx: usize, frame: &UntypedFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
+    fn write_page_async(&self, idx: usize, frame: &DynUFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
         let bid = self.inode_table_bid + idx as Ext2Bid;
         let bio_segment =
             BioSegment::new_from_segment(frame.clone().into(), BioDirection::ToDevice);
diff --git a/kernel/src/fs/ext2/fs.rs b/kernel/src/fs/ext2/fs.rs
index 036d66bd4..a8c36b25c 100644
--- a/kernel/src/fs/ext2/fs.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/fs/ext2/fs.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ pub struct Ext2 {
     blocks_per_group: Ext2Bid,
     inode_size: usize,
     block_size: usize,
-    group_descriptors_segment: UntypedSegment,
+    group_descriptors_segment: DynUSegment,
     self_ref: Weak<Self>,
 }
 
@@ -46,11 +46,11 @@ impl Ext2 {
             let npages = ((super_block.block_groups_count() as usize)
                 * core::mem::size_of::<RawGroupDescriptor>())
             .div_ceil(BLOCK_SIZE);
-            let segment = FrameAllocOptions::new(npages)
-                .uninit(true)
-                .alloc_contiguous()?;
+            let segment = FrameAllocOptions::new()
+                .zeroed(false)
+                .alloc_segment(npages)?;
             let bio_segment =
-                BioSegment::new_from_segment(segment.clone(), BioDirection::FromDevice);
+                BioSegment::new_from_segment(segment.clone().into(), BioDirection::FromDevice);
             match block_device.read_blocks(super_block.group_descriptors_bid(0), bio_segment)? {
                 BioStatus::Complete => (),
                 err_status => {
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ impl Ext2 {
         // Load the block groups information
         let load_block_groups = |fs: Weak<Ext2>,
                                  block_device: &dyn BlockDevice,
-                                 group_descriptors_segment: &UntypedSegment|
+                                 group_descriptors_segment: &DynUSegment|
          -> Result<Vec<BlockGroup>> {
             let block_groups_count = super_block.block_groups_count() as usize;
             let mut block_groups = Vec::with_capacity(block_groups_count);
@@ -88,12 +88,12 @@ impl Ext2 {
             block_groups: load_block_groups(
                 weak_ref.clone(),
                 block_device.as_ref(),
-                &group_descriptors_segment,
+                (&group_descriptors_segment).into(),
             )
             .unwrap(),
             block_device,
             super_block: RwMutex::new(Dirty::new(super_block)),
-            group_descriptors_segment,
+            group_descriptors_segment: group_descriptors_segment.into(),
             self_ref: weak_ref.clone(),
         });
         Ok(ext2)
diff --git a/kernel/src/fs/ext2/indirect_block_cache.rs b/kernel/src/fs/ext2/indirect_block_cache.rs
index 51125febe..a54d5d5d7 100644
--- a/kernel/src/fs/ext2/indirect_block_cache.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/fs/ext2/indirect_block_cache.rs
@@ -42,8 +42,10 @@ impl IndirectBlockCache {
         let fs = self.fs();
         let load_block = || -> Result<IndirectBlock> {
             let mut block = IndirectBlock::alloc_uninit()?;
-            let bio_segment =
-                BioSegment::new_from_segment(block.frame.clone().into(), BioDirection::FromDevice);
+            let bio_segment = BioSegment::new_from_segment(
+                Segment::<()>::from(block.frame.clone()).into(),
+                BioDirection::FromDevice,
+            );
             fs.read_blocks(bid, bio_segment)?;
             block.state = State::UpToDate;
             Ok(block)
@@ -61,8 +63,10 @@ impl IndirectBlockCache {
         let fs = self.fs();
         let load_block = || -> Result<IndirectBlock> {
             let mut block = IndirectBlock::alloc_uninit()?;
-            let bio_segment =
-                BioSegment::new_from_segment(block.frame.clone().into(), BioDirection::FromDevice);
+            let bio_segment = BioSegment::new_from_segment(
+                Segment::<()>::from(block.frame.clone()).into(),
+                BioDirection::FromDevice,
+            );
             fs.read_blocks(bid, bio_segment)?;
             block.state = State::UpToDate;
             Ok(block)
@@ -109,7 +113,7 @@ impl IndirectBlockCache {
             let (bid, block) = self.cache.pop_lru().unwrap();
             if block.is_dirty() {
                 let bio_segment = BioSegment::new_from_segment(
-                    block.frame.clone().into(),
+                    Segment::<()>::from(block.frame.clone()).into(),
                     BioDirection::ToDevice,
                 );
                 bio_waiter.concat(self.fs().write_blocks_async(bid, bio_segment)?);
@@ -132,7 +136,7 @@ impl IndirectBlockCache {
 /// Represents a single indirect block buffer cached by the `IndirectCache`.
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct IndirectBlock {
-    frame: UntypedFrame,
+    frame: Frame<()>,
     state: State,
 }
 
@@ -140,7 +144,7 @@ impl IndirectBlock {
     /// Allocates an uninitialized block whose bytes are to be populated with
     /// data loaded from the disk.
     fn alloc_uninit() -> Result<Self> {
-        let frame = FrameAllocOptions::new(1).uninit(true).alloc_single()?;
+        let frame = FrameAllocOptions::new().zeroed(false).alloc_frame()?;
         Ok(Self {
             frame,
             state: State::Uninit,
@@ -149,7 +153,7 @@ impl IndirectBlock {
 
     /// Allocates a new block with its bytes initialized to zero.
     pub fn alloc() -> Result<Self> {
-        let frame = FrameAllocOptions::new(1).alloc_single()?;
+        let frame = FrameAllocOptions::new().alloc_frame()?;
         Ok(Self {
             frame,
             state: State::Dirty,
diff --git a/kernel/src/fs/ext2/inode.rs b/kernel/src/fs/ext2/inode.rs
index dae0202a9..3ee65f555 100644
--- a/kernel/src/fs/ext2/inode.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/fs/ext2/inode.rs
@@ -1733,7 +1733,7 @@ impl InodeImpl {
         writer: &mut VmWriter,
     ) -> Result<BioWaiter>;
     pub fn read_blocks(&self, bid: Ext2Bid, nblocks: usize, writer: &mut VmWriter) -> Result<()>;
-    pub fn read_block_async(&self, bid: Ext2Bid, frame: &UntypedFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter>;
+    pub fn read_block_async(&self, bid: Ext2Bid, frame: &DynUFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter>;
     pub fn write_blocks_async(
         &self,
         bid: Ext2Bid,
@@ -1741,7 +1741,7 @@ impl InodeImpl {
         reader: &mut VmReader,
     ) -> Result<BioWaiter>;
     pub fn write_blocks(&self, bid: Ext2Bid, nblocks: usize, reader: &mut VmReader) -> Result<()>;
-    pub fn write_block_async(&self, bid: Ext2Bid, frame: &UntypedFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter>;
+    pub fn write_block_async(&self, bid: Ext2Bid, frame: &DynUFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter>;
 }
 
 /// Manages the inode blocks and block I/O operations.
@@ -1789,7 +1789,7 @@ impl InodeBlockManager {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn read_block_async(&self, bid: Ext2Bid, frame: &UntypedFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
+    pub fn read_block_async(&self, bid: Ext2Bid, frame: &DynUFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
         let mut bio_waiter = BioWaiter::new();
 
         for dev_range in DeviceRangeReader::new(self, bid..bid + 1 as Ext2Bid)? {
@@ -1834,7 +1834,7 @@ impl InodeBlockManager {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn write_block_async(&self, bid: Ext2Bid, frame: &UntypedFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
+    pub fn write_block_async(&self, bid: Ext2Bid, frame: &DynUFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
         let mut bio_waiter = BioWaiter::new();
 
         for dev_range in DeviceRangeReader::new(self, bid..bid + 1 as Ext2Bid)? {
@@ -1858,12 +1858,12 @@ impl InodeBlockManager {
 }
 
 impl PageCacheBackend for InodeBlockManager {
-    fn read_page_async(&self, idx: usize, frame: &UntypedFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
+    fn read_page_async(&self, idx: usize, frame: &DynUFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
         let bid = idx as Ext2Bid;
         self.read_block_async(bid, frame)
     }
 
-    fn write_page_async(&self, idx: usize, frame: &UntypedFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
+    fn write_page_async(&self, idx: usize, frame: &DynUFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
         let bid = idx as Ext2Bid;
         self.write_block_async(bid, frame)
     }
diff --git a/kernel/src/fs/ext2/prelude.rs b/kernel/src/fs/ext2/prelude.rs
index 0ec1f3d8a..588d7ff9c 100644
--- a/kernel/src/fs/ext2/prelude.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/fs/ext2/prelude.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ pub(super) use aster_block::{
 };
 pub(super) use aster_rights::Full;
 pub(super) use ostd::{
-    mm::{FrameAllocOptions, UntypedFrame, UntypedSegment, VmIo},
+    mm::{DynUFrame, DynUSegment, Frame, FrameAllocOptions, Segment, VmIo},
     sync::{RwMutex, RwMutexReadGuard, RwMutexWriteGuard},
 };
 pub(super) use static_assertions::const_assert;
diff --git a/kernel/src/fs/ramfs/fs.rs b/kernel/src/fs/ramfs/fs.rs
index 5fcbd9ada..f4569f7dc 100644
--- a/kernel/src/fs/ramfs/fs.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/fs/ramfs/fs.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use aster_rights::Full;
 use aster_util::slot_vec::SlotVec;
 use hashbrown::HashMap;
 use ostd::{
-    mm::{UntypedFrame, VmIo},
+    mm::{DynUFrame, UntypedMem, VmIo},
     sync::{PreemptDisabled, RwLockWriteGuard},
 };
 
@@ -484,7 +484,7 @@ impl RamInode {
 }
 
 impl PageCacheBackend for RamInode {
-    fn read_page_async(&self, _idx: usize, frame: &UntypedFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
+    fn read_page_async(&self, _idx: usize, frame: &DynUFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
         // Initially, any block/page in a RamFs inode contains all zeros
         frame
             .writer()
@@ -494,7 +494,7 @@ impl PageCacheBackend for RamInode {
         Ok(BioWaiter::new())
     }
 
-    fn write_page_async(&self, _idx: usize, _frame: &UntypedFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
+    fn write_page_async(&self, _idx: usize, _frame: &DynUFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
         // do nothing
         Ok(BioWaiter::new())
     }
diff --git a/kernel/src/fs/utils/page_cache.rs b/kernel/src/fs/utils/page_cache.rs
index 8f4ca844d..92a15c055 100644
--- a/kernel/src/fs/utils/page_cache.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/fs/utils/page_cache.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use align_ext::AlignExt;
 use aster_block::bio::{BioStatus, BioWaiter};
 use aster_rights::Full;
 use lru::LruCache;
-use ostd::mm::{FrameAllocOptions, UntypedFrame, VmIo};
+use ostd::mm::{DynUFrame, Frame, FrameAllocOptions, VmIo};
 
 use crate::{
     prelude::*,
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ impl ReadaheadState {
         };
         for async_idx in window.readahead_range() {
             let mut async_page = Page::alloc()?;
-            let pg_waiter = backend.read_page_async(async_idx, async_page.frame())?;
+            let pg_waiter = backend.read_page_async(async_idx, async_page.frame().into())?;
             if pg_waiter.nreqs() > 0 {
                 self.waiter.concat(pg_waiter);
             } else {
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ impl PageCacheManager {
         for idx in page_idx_range.start..page_idx_range.end {
             if let Some(page) = pages.peek(&idx) {
                 if *page.state() == PageState::Dirty && idx < backend_npages {
-                    let waiter = backend.write_page_async(idx, page.frame())?;
+                    let waiter = backend.write_page_async(idx, page.frame().into())?;
                     bio_waiter.concat(waiter);
                 }
             }
@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ impl PageCacheManager {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn ondemand_readahead(&self, idx: usize) -> Result<UntypedFrame> {
+    fn ondemand_readahead(&self, idx: usize) -> Result<DynUFrame> {
         let mut pages = self.pages.lock();
         let mut ra_state = self.ra_state.lock();
         let backend = self.backend();
@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@ impl PageCacheManager {
             // Conducts the sync read operation.
             let page = if idx < backend.npages() {
                 let mut page = Page::alloc()?;
-                backend.read_page(idx, page.frame())?;
+                backend.read_page(idx, page.frame().into())?;
                 page.set_state(PageState::UpToDate);
                 page
             } else {
@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@ impl PageCacheManager {
             ra_state.conduct_readahead(&mut pages, backend)?;
         }
         ra_state.set_prev_page(idx);
-        Ok(frame)
+        Ok(frame.into())
     }
 }
 
@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ impl Debug for PageCacheManager {
 }
 
 impl Pager for PageCacheManager {
-    fn commit_page(&self, idx: usize) -> Result<UntypedFrame> {
+    fn commit_page(&self, idx: usize) -> Result<DynUFrame> {
         self.ondemand_readahead(idx)
     }
 
@@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ impl Pager for PageCacheManager {
                     return Ok(());
                 };
                 if idx < backend.npages() {
-                    backend.write_page(idx, page.frame())?;
+                    backend.write_page(idx, page.frame().into())?;
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -469,25 +469,31 @@ impl Pager for PageCacheManager {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn commit_overwrite(&self, idx: usize) -> Result<UntypedFrame> {
+    fn commit_overwrite(&self, idx: usize) -> Result<DynUFrame> {
         if let Some(page) = self.pages.lock().get(&idx) {
-            return Ok(page.frame.clone());
+            return Ok(page.frame.clone().into());
         }
 
         let page = Page::alloc_zero()?;
-        Ok(self.pages.lock().get_or_insert(idx, || page).frame.clone())
+        Ok(self
+            .pages
+            .lock()
+            .get_or_insert(idx, || page)
+            .frame
+            .clone()
+            .into())
     }
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 struct Page {
-    frame: UntypedFrame,
+    frame: Frame<()>,
     state: PageState,
 }
 
 impl Page {
     pub fn alloc() -> Result<Self> {
-        let frame = FrameAllocOptions::new(1).uninit(true).alloc_single()?;
+        let frame = FrameAllocOptions::new().zeroed(false).alloc_frame()?;
         Ok(Self {
             frame,
             state: PageState::Uninit,
@@ -495,14 +501,14 @@ impl Page {
     }
 
     pub fn alloc_zero() -> Result<Self> {
-        let frame = FrameAllocOptions::new(1).alloc_single()?;
+        let frame = FrameAllocOptions::new().alloc_frame()?;
         Ok(Self {
             frame,
             state: PageState::Dirty,
         })
     }
 
-    pub fn frame(&self) -> &UntypedFrame {
+    pub fn frame(&self) -> &Frame<()> {
         &self.frame
     }
 
@@ -531,16 +537,16 @@ enum PageState {
 /// This trait represents the backend for the page cache.
 pub trait PageCacheBackend: Sync + Send {
     /// Reads a page from the backend asynchronously.
-    fn read_page_async(&self, idx: usize, frame: &UntypedFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter>;
+    fn read_page_async(&self, idx: usize, frame: &DynUFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter>;
     /// Writes a page to the backend asynchronously.
-    fn write_page_async(&self, idx: usize, frame: &UntypedFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter>;
+    fn write_page_async(&self, idx: usize, frame: &DynUFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter>;
     /// Returns the number of pages in the backend.
     fn npages(&self) -> usize;
 }
 
 impl dyn PageCacheBackend {
     /// Reads a page from the backend synchronously.
-    fn read_page(&self, idx: usize, frame: &UntypedFrame) -> Result<()> {
+    fn read_page(&self, idx: usize, frame: &DynUFrame) -> Result<()> {
         let waiter = self.read_page_async(idx, frame)?;
         match waiter.wait() {
             Some(BioStatus::Complete) => Ok(()),
@@ -548,7 +554,7 @@ impl dyn PageCacheBackend {
         }
     }
     /// Writes a page to the backend synchronously.
-    fn write_page(&self, idx: usize, frame: &UntypedFrame) -> Result<()> {
+    fn write_page(&self, idx: usize, frame: &DynUFrame) -> Result<()> {
         let waiter = self.write_page_async(idx, frame)?;
         match waiter.wait() {
             Some(BioStatus::Complete) => Ok(()),
diff --git a/kernel/src/process/process_vm/init_stack/mod.rs b/kernel/src/process/process_vm/init_stack/mod.rs
index 99fe1cfae..1dc2b26a1 100644
--- a/kernel/src/process/process_vm/init_stack/mod.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/process/process_vm/init_stack/mod.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use core::{
 
 use align_ext::AlignExt;
 use aster_rights::Full;
-use ostd::mm::{vm_space::VmItem, VmIo, VmSpace, MAX_USERSPACE_VADDR};
+use ostd::mm::{vm_space::VmItem, UntypedMem, VmIo, VmSpace, MAX_USERSPACE_VADDR};
 
 use self::aux_vec::{AuxKey, AuxVec};
 use crate::{
diff --git a/kernel/src/process/program_loader/elf/load_elf.rs b/kernel/src/process/program_loader/elf/load_elf.rs
index 711931b63..4ca0c5002 100644
--- a/kernel/src/process/program_loader/elf/load_elf.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/process/program_loader/elf/load_elf.rs
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ fn map_segment_vmo(
             new_frame
         };
         let head_idx = segment_offset / PAGE_SIZE;
-        segment_vmo.replace(new_frame, head_idx)?;
+        segment_vmo.replace(new_frame.into(), head_idx)?;
     }
 
     // Tail padding.
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ fn map_segment_vmo(
         };
 
         let tail_idx = (segment_offset + tail_padding_offset) / PAGE_SIZE;
-        segment_vmo.replace(new_frame, tail_idx).unwrap();
+        segment_vmo.replace(new_frame.into(), tail_idx).unwrap();
     }
 
     let perms = parse_segment_perm(program_header.flags);
diff --git a/kernel/src/util/ring_buffer.rs b/kernel/src/util/ring_buffer.rs
index 4daf9ce2d..e42d41bed 100644
--- a/kernel/src/util/ring_buffer.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/util/ring_buffer.rs
@@ -8,12 +8,12 @@ use core::{
 
 use align_ext::AlignExt;
 use inherit_methods_macro::inherit_methods;
-use ostd::mm::{FrameAllocOptions, UntypedSegment, VmIo};
+use ostd::mm::{FrameAllocOptions, Segment, UntypedMem, VmIo};
 
 use super::{MultiRead, MultiWrite};
 use crate::prelude::*;
 
-/// A lock-free SPSC FIFO ring buffer backed by a [`UntypedSegment`].
+/// A lock-free SPSC FIFO ring buffer backed by a [`Segment<()>`].
 ///
 /// The ring buffer supports `push`/`pop` any `T: Pod` items, also
 /// supports `write`/`read` any bytes data based on [`VmReader`]/[`VmWriter`].
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ use crate::prelude::*;
 /// }
 /// ```
 pub struct RingBuffer<T> {
-    segment: UntypedSegment,
+    segment: Segment<()>,
     capacity: usize,
     tail: AtomicUsize,
     head: AtomicUsize,
@@ -78,9 +78,9 @@ impl<T> RingBuffer<T> {
             "capacity must be a power of two"
         );
         let nframes = capacity.saturating_mul(Self::T_SIZE).align_up(PAGE_SIZE) / PAGE_SIZE;
-        let segment = FrameAllocOptions::new(nframes)
-            .uninit(true)
-            .alloc_contiguous()
+        let segment = FrameAllocOptions::new()
+            .zeroed(false)
+            .alloc_segment(nframes)
             .unwrap();
         Self {
             segment,
diff --git a/kernel/src/vdso.rs b/kernel/src/vdso.rs
index fcfa8f07e..ddcdc8de8 100644
--- a/kernel/src/vdso.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/vdso.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ use aster_rights::Rights;
 use aster_time::{read_monotonic_time, Instant};
 use aster_util::coeff::Coeff;
 use ostd::{
-    mm::{UntypedFrame, VmIo, PAGE_SIZE},
+    mm::{DynUFrame, VmIo, PAGE_SIZE},
     sync::SpinLock,
     Pod,
 };
@@ -199,9 +199,9 @@ struct Vdso {
     data: SpinLock<VdsoData>,
     /// The VMO of the entire VDSO, including the library text and the VDSO data.
     vmo: Arc<Vmo>,
-    /// The `UntypedFrame` that contains the VDSO data. This frame is contained in and
+    /// The `DynUFrame` that contains the VDSO data. This frame is contained in and
     /// will not be removed from the VDSO VMO.
-    data_frame: UntypedFrame,
+    data_frame: DynUFrame,
 }
 
 /// A `SpinLock` for the `seq` field in `VdsoData`.
diff --git a/kernel/src/vm/util.rs b/kernel/src/vm/util.rs
index c5ccc5439..26983fb01 100644
--- a/kernel/src/vm/util.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/vm/util.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
 
-use ostd::mm::{FrameAllocOptions, UntypedFrame};
+use ostd::mm::{DynUFrame, Frame, FrameAllocOptions, UntypedMem};
 
 use crate::prelude::*;
 
-/// Creates a new `UntypedFrame` and initializes it with the contents of the `src`.
-pub fn duplicate_frame(src: &UntypedFrame) -> Result<UntypedFrame> {
-    let new_frame = FrameAllocOptions::new(1).uninit(true).alloc_single()?;
-    new_frame.copy_from(src);
+/// Creates a new `Frame<()>` and initializes it with the contents of the `src`.
+///
+/// Note that it only duplicates the contents not the metadata.
+pub fn duplicate_frame(src: &DynUFrame) -> Result<Frame<()>> {
+    let new_frame = FrameAllocOptions::new().zeroed(false).alloc_frame()?;
+    new_frame.writer().write(&mut src.reader());
     Ok(new_frame)
 }
diff --git a/kernel/src/vm/vmar/vm_mapping.rs b/kernel/src/vm/vmar/vm_mapping.rs
index 4528888bb..7bb56b37d 100644
--- a/kernel/src/vm/vmar/vm_mapping.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/vm/vmar/vm_mapping.rs
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ use core::{
 
 use align_ext::AlignExt;
 use ostd::mm::{
-    tlb::TlbFlushOp, vm_space::VmItem, CachePolicy, FrameAllocOptions, PageFlags, PageProperty,
-    UntypedFrame, VmSpace,
+    tlb::TlbFlushOp, vm_space::VmItem, CachePolicy, DynUFrame, FrameAllocOptions, PageFlags,
+    PageProperty, VmSpace,
 };
 
 use super::interval_set::Interval;
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ impl VmMapping {
                 } else {
                     let new_frame = duplicate_frame(&frame)?;
                     prop.flags |= new_flags;
-                    cursor.map(new_frame, prop);
+                    cursor.map(new_frame.into(), prop);
                 }
             }
             VmItem::NotMapped { .. } => {
@@ -216,17 +216,17 @@ impl VmMapping {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn prepare_page(&self, page_fault_addr: Vaddr, write: bool) -> Result<(UntypedFrame, bool)> {
+    fn prepare_page(&self, page_fault_addr: Vaddr, write: bool) -> Result<(DynUFrame, bool)> {
         let mut is_readonly = false;
         let Some(vmo) = &self.vmo else {
-            return Ok((FrameAllocOptions::new(1).alloc_single()?, is_readonly));
+            return Ok((FrameAllocOptions::new().alloc_frame()?.into(), is_readonly));
         };
 
         let page_offset = page_fault_addr.align_down(PAGE_SIZE) - self.map_to_addr;
         let Ok(page) = vmo.get_committed_frame(page_offset) else {
             if !self.is_shared {
                 // The page index is outside the VMO. This is only allowed in private mapping.
-                return Ok((FrameAllocOptions::new(1).alloc_single()?, is_readonly));
+                return Ok((FrameAllocOptions::new().alloc_frame()?.into(), is_readonly));
             } else {
                 return_errno_with_message!(
                     Errno::EFAULT,
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ impl VmMapping {
 
         if !self.is_shared && write {
             // Write access to private VMO-backed mapping. Performs COW directly.
-            Ok((duplicate_frame(&page)?, is_readonly))
+            Ok((duplicate_frame(&page)?.into(), is_readonly))
         } else {
             // Operations to shared mapping or read access to private VMO-backed mapping.
             // If read access to private VMO-backed mapping triggers a page fault,
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ impl VmMapping {
 
         let vm_perms = self.perms - VmPerms::WRITE;
         let mut cursor = vm_space.cursor_mut(&(start_addr..end_addr))?;
-        let operate = move |commit_fn: &mut dyn FnMut() -> Result<UntypedFrame>| {
+        let operate = move |commit_fn: &mut dyn FnMut() -> Result<DynUFrame>| {
             if let VmItem::NotMapped { .. } = cursor.query().unwrap() {
                 // We regard all the surrounding pages as accessed, no matter
                 // if it is really so. Then the hardware won't bother to update
@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ impl MappedVmo {
     ///
     /// If the VMO has not committed a frame at this index, it will commit
     /// one first and return it.
-    fn get_committed_frame(&self, page_offset: usize) -> Result<UntypedFrame> {
+    fn get_committed_frame(&self, page_offset: usize) -> Result<DynUFrame> {
         debug_assert!(page_offset < self.range.len());
         debug_assert!(page_offset % PAGE_SIZE == 0);
         self.vmo.commit_page(self.range.start + page_offset)
@@ -444,7 +444,7 @@ impl MappedVmo {
     /// perform other operations.
     fn operate_on_range<F>(&self, range: &Range<usize>, operate: F) -> Result<()>
     where
-        F: FnMut(&mut dyn FnMut() -> Result<UntypedFrame>) -> Result<()>,
+        F: FnMut(&mut dyn FnMut() -> Result<DynUFrame>) -> Result<()>,
     {
         debug_assert!(range.start < self.range.len());
         debug_assert!(range.end <= self.range.len());
diff --git a/kernel/src/vm/vmo/dyn_cap.rs b/kernel/src/vm/vmo/dyn_cap.rs
index f38d31e5a..bb72cd741 100644
--- a/kernel/src/vm/vmo/dyn_cap.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/vm/vmo/dyn_cap.rs
@@ -3,14 +3,14 @@
 use core::ops::Range;
 
 use aster_rights::{Rights, TRights};
-use ostd::mm::{UntypedFrame, VmIo};
+use ostd::mm::{DynUFrame, VmIo};
 
 use super::{CommitFlags, Vmo, VmoRightsOp};
 use crate::prelude::*;
 
 impl Vmo<Rights> {
     /// Commits a page at specific offset
-    pub fn commit_page(&self, offset: usize) -> Result<UntypedFrame> {
+    pub fn commit_page(&self, offset: usize) -> Result<DynUFrame> {
         self.check_rights(Rights::WRITE)?;
         self.0.commit_page(offset)
     }
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ impl Vmo<Rights> {
     /// perform other operations.
     pub(in crate::vm) fn operate_on_range<F>(&self, range: &Range<usize>, operate: F) -> Result<()>
     where
-        F: FnMut(&mut dyn FnMut() -> Result<UntypedFrame>) -> Result<()>,
+        F: FnMut(&mut dyn FnMut() -> Result<DynUFrame>) -> Result<()>,
     {
         self.check_rights(Rights::WRITE)?;
         self.0
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ impl Vmo<Rights> {
     /// # Access rights
     ///
     /// The method requires the Write right.
-    pub fn replace(&self, page: UntypedFrame, page_idx: usize) -> Result<()> {
+    pub fn replace(&self, page: DynUFrame, page_idx: usize) -> Result<()> {
         self.check_rights(Rights::WRITE)?;
         self.0.replace(page, page_idx)
     }
diff --git a/kernel/src/vm/vmo/mod.rs b/kernel/src/vm/vmo/mod.rs
index 0d5e8cf49..708d55542 100644
--- a/kernel/src/vm/vmo/mod.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/vm/vmo/mod.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use align_ext::AlignExt;
 use aster_rights::Rights;
 use ostd::{
     collections::xarray::{CursorMut, XArray},
-    mm::{FrameAllocOptions, UntypedFrame, VmReader, VmWriter},
+    mm::{DynUFrame, FrameAllocOptions, UntypedMem, VmReader, VmWriter},
 };
 
 use crate::prelude::*;
@@ -66,8 +66,8 @@ pub use pager::Pager;
 /// # Implementation
 ///
 /// `Vmo` provides high-level APIs for address space management by wrapping
-/// around its low-level counterpart [`ostd::mm::UntypedFrame`].
-/// Compared with `UntypedFrame`,
+/// around its low-level counterpart [`ostd::mm::DynUFrame`].
+/// Compared with `DynUFrame`,
 /// `Vmo` is easier to use (by offering more powerful APIs) and
 /// harder to misuse (thanks to its nature of being capability).
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -125,12 +125,12 @@ bitflags! {
     }
 }
 
-/// `Pages` is the struct that manages the `UntypedFrame`s stored in `Vmo_`.
+/// `Pages` is the struct that manages the `DynUFrame`s stored in `Vmo_`.
 pub(super) enum Pages {
     /// `Pages` that cannot be resized. This kind of `Pages` will have a constant size.
-    Nonresizable(Mutex<XArray<UntypedFrame>>, usize),
+    Nonresizable(Mutex<XArray<DynUFrame>>, usize),
     /// `Pages` that can be resized and have a variable size.
-    Resizable(Mutex<(XArray<UntypedFrame>, usize)>),
+    Resizable(Mutex<(XArray<DynUFrame>, usize)>),
 }
 
 impl Clone for Pages {
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ impl Clone for Pages {
 impl Pages {
     fn with<R, F>(&self, func: F) -> R
     where
-        F: FnOnce(&mut XArray<UntypedFrame>, usize) -> R,
+        F: FnOnce(&mut XArray<DynUFrame>, usize) -> R,
     {
         match self {
             Self::Nonresizable(pages, size) => func(&mut pages.lock(), *size),
@@ -201,28 +201,28 @@ impl CommitFlags {
 }
 
 impl Vmo_ {
-    /// Prepares a new `UntypedFrame` for the target index in pages, returns this new frame.
-    fn prepare_page(&self, page_idx: usize) -> Result<UntypedFrame> {
+    /// Prepares a new `DynUFrame` for the target index in pages, returns this new frame.
+    fn prepare_page(&self, page_idx: usize) -> Result<DynUFrame> {
         match &self.pager {
-            None => Ok(FrameAllocOptions::new(1).alloc_single()?),
+            None => Ok(FrameAllocOptions::new().alloc_frame()?.into()),
             Some(pager) => pager.commit_page(page_idx),
         }
     }
 
-    /// Prepares a new `UntypedFrame` for the target index in the VMO, returns this new frame.
-    fn prepare_overwrite(&self, page_idx: usize) -> Result<UntypedFrame> {
+    /// Prepares a new `DynUFrame` for the target index in the VMO, returns this new frame.
+    fn prepare_overwrite(&self, page_idx: usize) -> Result<DynUFrame> {
         if let Some(pager) = &self.pager {
             pager.commit_overwrite(page_idx)
         } else {
-            Ok(FrameAllocOptions::new(1).alloc_single()?)
+            Ok(FrameAllocOptions::new().alloc_frame()?.into())
         }
     }
 
     fn commit_with_cursor(
         &self,
-        cursor: &mut CursorMut<'_, UntypedFrame>,
+        cursor: &mut CursorMut<'_, DynUFrame>,
         commit_flags: CommitFlags,
-    ) -> Result<UntypedFrame> {
+    ) -> Result<DynUFrame> {
         let new_page = {
             if let Some(committed_page) = cursor.load() {
                 // Fast path: return the page directly.
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ impl Vmo_ {
 
     /// Commits the page corresponding to the target offset in the VMO and return that page.
     /// If the current offset has already been committed, the page will be returned directly.
-    pub fn commit_page(&self, offset: usize) -> Result<UntypedFrame> {
+    pub fn commit_page(&self, offset: usize) -> Result<DynUFrame> {
         let page_idx = offset / PAGE_SIZE;
         self.pages.with(|pages, size| {
             if offset >= size {
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ impl Vmo_ {
         commit_flags: CommitFlags,
     ) -> Result<()>
     where
-        F: FnMut(&mut dyn FnMut() -> Result<UntypedFrame>) -> Result<()>,
+        F: FnMut(&mut dyn FnMut() -> Result<DynUFrame>) -> Result<()>,
     {
         self.pages.with(|pages, size| {
             if range.end > size {
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ impl Vmo_ {
         let read_range = offset..(offset + read_len);
         let mut read_offset = offset % PAGE_SIZE;
 
-        let read = move |commit_fn: &mut dyn FnMut() -> Result<UntypedFrame>| {
+        let read = move |commit_fn: &mut dyn FnMut() -> Result<DynUFrame>| {
             let frame = commit_fn()?;
             frame.reader().skip(read_offset).read_fallible(writer)?;
             read_offset = 0;
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ impl Vmo_ {
         let write_range = offset..(offset + write_len);
         let mut write_offset = offset % PAGE_SIZE;
 
-        let mut write = move |commit_fn: &mut dyn FnMut() -> Result<UntypedFrame>| {
+        let mut write = move |commit_fn: &mut dyn FnMut() -> Result<DynUFrame>| {
             let frame = commit_fn()?;
             frame.writer().skip(write_offset).write_fallible(reader)?;
             write_offset = 0;
@@ -401,7 +401,7 @@ impl Vmo_ {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn decommit_pages(&self, pages: &mut XArray<UntypedFrame>, range: Range<usize>) -> Result<()> {
+    fn decommit_pages(&self, pages: &mut XArray<DynUFrame>, range: Range<usize>) -> Result<()> {
         let page_idx_range = get_page_idx_range(&range);
         let mut cursor = pages.cursor_mut(page_idx_range.start as u64);
         for page_idx in page_idx_range {
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ impl Vmo_ {
         self.flags
     }
 
-    fn replace(&self, page: UntypedFrame, page_idx: usize) -> Result<()> {
+    fn replace(&self, page: DynUFrame, page_idx: usize) -> Result<()> {
         self.pages.with(|pages, size| {
             if page_idx >= size / PAGE_SIZE {
                 return_errno_with_message!(Errno::EINVAL, "the page index is outside of the vmo");
diff --git a/kernel/src/vm/vmo/options.rs b/kernel/src/vm/vmo/options.rs
index db8e7ed52..77a418669 100644
--- a/kernel/src/vm/vmo/options.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/vm/vmo/options.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use align_ext::AlignExt;
 use aster_rights::{Rights, TRightSet, TRights};
 use ostd::{
     collections::xarray::XArray,
-    mm::{FrameAllocOptions, UntypedFrame},
+    mm::{DynUFrame, DynUSegment, FrameAllocOptions},
 };
 
 use super::{Pager, Pages, Vmo, VmoFlags};
@@ -137,13 +137,11 @@ fn alloc_vmo_(size: usize, flags: VmoFlags, pager: Option<Arc<dyn Pager>>) -> Re
     })
 }
 
-fn committed_pages_if_continuous(flags: VmoFlags, size: usize) -> Result<XArray<UntypedFrame>> {
+fn committed_pages_if_continuous(flags: VmoFlags, size: usize) -> Result<XArray<DynUFrame>> {
     if flags.contains(VmoFlags::CONTIGUOUS) {
         // if the vmo is continuous, we need to allocate frames for the vmo
         let frames_num = size / PAGE_SIZE;
-        let segment = FrameAllocOptions::new(frames_num)
-            .is_contiguous(true)
-            .alloc_contiguous()?;
+        let segment: DynUSegment = FrameAllocOptions::new().alloc_segment(frames_num)?.into();
         let mut committed_pages = XArray::new();
         let mut cursor = committed_pages.cursor_mut(0);
         for frame in segment {
diff --git a/kernel/src/vm/vmo/pager.rs b/kernel/src/vm/vmo/pager.rs
index 2dc4555a6..38cac55b1 100644
--- a/kernel/src/vm/vmo/pager.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/vm/vmo/pager.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
 
-use ostd::mm::UntypedFrame;
+use ostd::mm::DynUFrame;
 
 use crate::prelude::*;
 
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ pub trait Pager: Send + Sync {
     /// whatever frame that may or may not be the same as the last time.
     ///
     /// It is up to the pager to decide the range of valid indices.
-    fn commit_page(&self, idx: usize) -> Result<UntypedFrame>;
+    fn commit_page(&self, idx: usize) -> Result<DynUFrame>;
 
     /// Notify the pager that the frame at a specified index has been updated.
     ///
@@ -54,5 +54,5 @@ pub trait Pager: Send + Sync {
     /// Ask the pager to provide a frame at a specified index.
     /// Notify the pager that the frame will be fully overwritten soon, so pager can
     /// choose not to initialize it.
-    fn commit_overwrite(&self, idx: usize) -> Result<UntypedFrame>;
+    fn commit_overwrite(&self, idx: usize) -> Result<DynUFrame>;
 }
diff --git a/kernel/src/vm/vmo/static_cap.rs b/kernel/src/vm/vmo/static_cap.rs
index e0b246922..fde449dd4 100644
--- a/kernel/src/vm/vmo/static_cap.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/vm/vmo/static_cap.rs
@@ -4,14 +4,14 @@ use core::ops::Range;
 
 use aster_rights::{Dup, Rights, TRightSet, TRights, Write};
 use aster_rights_proc::require;
-use ostd::mm::{UntypedFrame, VmIo};
+use ostd::mm::{DynUFrame, VmIo};
 
 use super::{CommitFlags, Vmo, VmoRightsOp};
 use crate::prelude::*;
 
 impl<R: TRights> Vmo<TRightSet<R>> {
     /// Commits a page at specific offset.
-    pub fn commit_page(&self, offset: usize) -> Result<UntypedFrame> {
+    pub fn commit_page(&self, offset: usize) -> Result<DynUFrame> {
         self.check_rights(Rights::WRITE)?;
         self.0.commit_page(offset)
     }
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ impl<R: TRights> Vmo<TRightSet<R>> {
     #[require(R > Write)]
     pub(in crate::vm) fn operate_on_range<F>(&self, range: &Range<usize>, operate: F) -> Result<()>
     where
-        F: FnMut(&mut dyn FnMut() -> Result<UntypedFrame>) -> Result<()>,
+        F: FnMut(&mut dyn FnMut() -> Result<DynUFrame>) -> Result<()>,
     {
         self.0
             .operate_on_range(range, operate, CommitFlags::empty())
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ impl<R: TRights> Vmo<TRightSet<R>> {
     ///
     /// The method requires the Write right.
     #[require(R > Write)]
-    pub fn replace(&self, page: UntypedFrame, page_idx: usize) -> Result<()> {
+    pub fn replace(&self, page: DynUFrame, page_idx: usize) -> Result<()> {
         self.0.replace(page, page_idx)
     }
 
diff --git a/osdk/tests/examples_in_book/write_a_kernel_in_100_lines_templates/lib.rs b/osdk/tests/examples_in_book/write_a_kernel_in_100_lines_templates/lib.rs
index 5939cedf8..21c69f9e9 100644
--- a/osdk/tests/examples_in_book/write_a_kernel_in_100_lines_templates/lib.rs
+++ b/osdk/tests/examples_in_book/write_a_kernel_in_100_lines_templates/lib.rs
@@ -36,11 +36,11 @@ pub fn main() {
 fn create_user_space(program: &[u8]) -> UserSpace {
     let nbytes = program.len().align_up(PAGE_SIZE);
     let user_pages = {
-        let segment = FrameAllocOptions::new(nbytes / PAGE_SIZE)
-            .alloc_contiguous()
+        let segment = FrameAllocOptions::new()
+            .alloc_segment(nbytes / PAGE_SIZE)
             .unwrap();
         // Physical memory pages can be only accessed
-        // via the `UntypedFrame` or `UntypedSegment` abstraction.
+        // via the `DynUFrame` or `DynUSegment` abstraction.
         segment.write_bytes(0, program).unwrap();
         segment
     };
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ fn create_user_space(program: &[u8]) -> UserSpace {
         let mut cursor = vm_space.cursor_mut(&(MAP_ADDR..MAP_ADDR + nbytes)).unwrap();
         let map_prop = PageProperty::new(PageFlags::RWX, CachePolicy::Writeback);
         for frame in user_pages {
-            cursor.map(frame, map_prop);
+            cursor.map(frame.into(), map_prop);
         }
         drop(cursor);
         Arc::new(vm_space)
diff --git a/ostd/src/arch/x86/iommu/dma_remapping/context_table.rs b/ostd/src/arch/x86/iommu/dma_remapping/context_table.rs
index 98a7ac24b..d0caf484e 100644
--- a/ostd/src/arch/x86/iommu/dma_remapping/context_table.rs
+++ b/ostd/src/arch/x86/iommu/dma_remapping/context_table.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use crate::{
         dma::Daddr,
         page_prop::{CachePolicy, PageProperty, PrivilegedPageFlags as PrivFlags},
         page_table::{PageTableError, PageTableItem},
-        FrameAllocOptions, Paddr, PageFlags, PageTable, UntypedFrame, VmIo, PAGE_SIZE,
+        Frame, FrameAllocOptions, Paddr, PageFlags, PageTable, VmIo, PAGE_SIZE,
     },
 };
 
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ impl RootEntry {
 
 pub struct RootTable {
     /// Total 256 bus, each entry is 128 bits.
-    root_frame: UntypedFrame,
+    root_frame: Frame<()>,
     // TODO: Use radix tree instead.
     context_tables: BTreeMap<Paddr, ContextTable>,
 }
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ impl RootTable {
 
     pub(super) fn new() -> Self {
         Self {
-            root_frame: FrameAllocOptions::new(1).alloc_single().unwrap(),
+            root_frame: FrameAllocOptions::new().alloc_frame().unwrap(),
             context_tables: BTreeMap::new(),
         }
     }
@@ -236,14 +236,14 @@ pub enum AddressWidth {
 
 pub struct ContextTable {
     /// Total 32 devices, each device has 8 functions.
-    entries_frame: UntypedFrame,
+    entries_frame: Frame<()>,
     page_tables: BTreeMap<Paddr, PageTable<DeviceMode, PageTableEntry, PagingConsts>>,
 }
 
 impl ContextTable {
     fn new() -> Self {
         Self {
-            entries_frame: FrameAllocOptions::new(1).alloc_single().unwrap(),
+            entries_frame: FrameAllocOptions::new().alloc_frame().unwrap(),
             page_tables: BTreeMap::new(),
         }
     }
diff --git a/ostd/src/arch/x86/iommu/interrupt_remapping/table.rs b/ostd/src/arch/x86/iommu/interrupt_remapping/table.rs
index 41b6efbc3..00e61d6ef 100644
--- a/ostd/src/arch/x86/iommu/interrupt_remapping/table.rs
+++ b/ostd/src/arch/x86/iommu/interrupt_remapping/table.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use int_to_c_enum::TryFromInt;
 
 use super::IrtEntryHandle;
 use crate::{
-    mm::{paddr_to_vaddr, FrameAllocOptions, UntypedSegment, PAGE_SIZE},
+    mm::{paddr_to_vaddr, FrameAllocOptions, Segment, PAGE_SIZE},
     sync::{LocalIrqDisabled, SpinLock},
 };
 
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ enum ExtendedInterruptMode {
 pub struct IntRemappingTable {
     size: u16,
     extended_interrupt_mode: ExtendedInterruptMode,
-    frames: UntypedSegment,
+    frames: Segment<()>,
     /// The global allocator for Interrupt remapping entry.
     allocator: SpinLock<IdAlloc, LocalIrqDisabled>,
     handles: Vec<Arc<SpinLock<IrtEntryHandle, LocalIrqDisabled>>>,
@@ -35,12 +35,11 @@ impl IntRemappingTable {
         Some(self.handles.get(id).unwrap().clone())
     }
 
-    /// Creates an Interrupt Remapping Table with one UntypedFrame (default).
+    /// Creates an Interrupt Remapping Table with one DynUFrame (default).
     pub(super) fn new() -> Self {
         const DEFAULT_PAGES: usize = 1;
-        let segment = FrameAllocOptions::new(DEFAULT_PAGES)
-            .is_contiguous(true)
-            .alloc_contiguous()
+        let segment = FrameAllocOptions::new()
+            .alloc_segment(DEFAULT_PAGES)
             .unwrap();
         let entry_number = (DEFAULT_PAGES * PAGE_SIZE / size_of::<u128>()) as u16;
 
diff --git a/ostd/src/arch/x86/iommu/invalidate/queue.rs b/ostd/src/arch/x86/iommu/invalidate/queue.rs
index 4a4fc3818..6adbabb54 100644
--- a/ostd/src/arch/x86/iommu/invalidate/queue.rs
+++ b/ostd/src/arch/x86/iommu/invalidate/queue.rs
@@ -3,12 +3,12 @@
 use core::mem::size_of;
 
 use crate::{
-    mm::{FrameAllocOptions, UntypedSegment, VmIo, PAGE_SIZE},
+    mm::{FrameAllocOptions, Segment, VmIo, PAGE_SIZE},
     prelude::Paddr,
 };
 
 pub struct Queue {
-    segment: UntypedSegment,
+    segment: Segment<()>,
     queue_size: usize,
     tail: usize,
 }
@@ -38,9 +38,8 @@ impl Queue {
 
     pub(super) fn new() -> Self {
         const DEFAULT_PAGES: usize = 1;
-        let segment = FrameAllocOptions::new(DEFAULT_PAGES)
-            .is_contiguous(true)
-            .alloc_contiguous()
+        let segment = FrameAllocOptions::new()
+            .alloc_segment(DEFAULT_PAGES)
             .unwrap();
         Self {
             segment,
diff --git a/ostd/src/boot/smp.rs b/ostd/src/boot/smp.rs
index 543e8d371..512816b53 100644
--- a/ostd/src/boot/smp.rs
+++ b/ostd/src/boot/smp.rs
@@ -10,11 +10,7 @@ use spin::Once;
 use crate::{
     arch::boot::smp::{bringup_all_aps, get_num_processors},
     cpu,
-    mm::{
-        frame::{self, Segment},
-        kspace::KernelMeta,
-        paddr_to_vaddr, PAGE_SIZE,
-    },
+    mm::{frame::Segment, kspace::KernelMeta, paddr_to_vaddr, FrameAllocOptions, PAGE_SIZE},
     task::Task,
 };
 
@@ -62,14 +58,17 @@ pub fn boot_all_aps() {
     AP_BOOT_INFO.call_once(|| {
         let mut per_ap_info = BTreeMap::new();
         // Use two pages to place stack pointers of all APs, thus support up to 1024 APs.
-        let boot_stack_array =
-            frame::allocator::alloc_contiguous(2 * PAGE_SIZE, |_| KernelMeta::default()).unwrap();
+        let boot_stack_array = FrameAllocOptions::new()
+            .zeroed(false)
+            .alloc_segment_with(2, |_| KernelMeta)
+            .unwrap();
         assert!(num_cpus < 1024);
 
         for ap in 1..num_cpus {
-            let boot_stack_pages =
-                frame::allocator::alloc_contiguous(AP_BOOT_STACK_SIZE, |_| KernelMeta::default())
-                    .unwrap();
+            let boot_stack_pages = FrameAllocOptions::new()
+                .zeroed(false)
+                .alloc_segment_with(AP_BOOT_STACK_SIZE / PAGE_SIZE, |_| KernelMeta)
+                .unwrap();
             let boot_stack_ptr = paddr_to_vaddr(boot_stack_pages.end_paddr());
             let stack_array_ptr = paddr_to_vaddr(boot_stack_array.start_paddr()) as *mut u64;
             // SAFETY: The `stack_array_ptr` is valid and aligned.
diff --git a/ostd/src/cpu/local/mod.rs b/ostd/src/cpu/local/mod.rs
index ed05248d6..bd122cef0 100644
--- a/ostd/src/cpu/local/mod.rs
+++ b/ostd/src/cpu/local/mod.rs
@@ -43,11 +43,7 @@ use spin::Once;
 
 use crate::{
     arch,
-    mm::{
-        frame::{self, Segment},
-        kspace::KernelMeta,
-        paddr_to_vaddr, PAGE_SIZE,
-    },
+    mm::{frame::Segment, kspace::KernelMeta, paddr_to_vaddr, FrameAllocOptions, PAGE_SIZE},
 };
 
 // These symbols are provided by the linker script.
@@ -99,7 +95,10 @@ pub unsafe fn init_on_bsp() {
     for _ in 1..num_cpus {
         let ap_pages = {
             let nbytes = (bsp_end_va - bsp_base_va).align_up(PAGE_SIZE);
-            frame::allocator::alloc_contiguous(nbytes, |_| KernelMeta::default()).unwrap()
+            FrameAllocOptions::new()
+                .zeroed(false)
+                .alloc_segment_with(nbytes / PAGE_SIZE, |_| KernelMeta)
+                .unwrap()
         };
         let ap_pages_ptr = paddr_to_vaddr(ap_pages.start_paddr()) as *mut u8;
 
diff --git a/ostd/src/mm/dma/dma_coherent.rs b/ostd/src/mm/dma/dma_coherent.rs
index 872b868f4..b9233ddd0 100644
--- a/ostd/src/mm/dma/dma_coherent.rs
+++ b/ostd/src/mm/dma/dma_coherent.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,8 @@ use crate::{
         io::VmIoOnce,
         kspace::{paddr_to_vaddr, KERNEL_PAGE_TABLE},
         page_prop::CachePolicy,
-        HasPaddr, Infallible, Paddr, PodOnce, UntypedSegment, VmIo, VmReader, VmWriter, PAGE_SIZE,
+        DynUSegment, HasPaddr, Infallible, Paddr, PodOnce, UntypedMem, VmIo, VmReader, VmWriter,
+        PAGE_SIZE,
     },
     prelude::*,
 };
@@ -38,27 +39,27 @@ pub struct DmaCoherent {
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 struct DmaCoherentInner {
-    vm_segment: UntypedSegment,
+    segment: DynUSegment,
     start_daddr: Daddr,
     is_cache_coherent: bool,
 }
 
 impl DmaCoherent {
-    /// Creates a coherent DMA mapping backed by `vm_segment`.
+    /// Creates a coherent DMA mapping backed by `segment`.
     ///
     /// The `is_cache_coherent` argument specifies whether
     /// the target device that the DMA mapping is prepared for
     /// can access the main memory in a CPU cache coherent way
     /// or not.
     ///
-    /// The method fails if any part of the given `vm_segment`
+    /// The method fails if any part of the given `segment`
     /// already belongs to a DMA mapping.
     pub fn map(
-        vm_segment: UntypedSegment,
+        segment: DynUSegment,
         is_cache_coherent: bool,
     ) -> core::result::Result<Self, DmaError> {
-        let frame_count = vm_segment.nbytes() / PAGE_SIZE;
-        let start_paddr = vm_segment.start_paddr();
+        let frame_count = segment.size() / PAGE_SIZE;
+        let start_paddr = segment.start_paddr();
         if !check_and_insert_dma_mapping(start_paddr, frame_count) {
             return Err(DmaError::AlreadyMapped);
         }
@@ -93,7 +94,7 @@ impl DmaCoherent {
             DmaType::Iommu => {
                 for i in 0..frame_count {
                     let paddr = start_paddr + (i * PAGE_SIZE);
-                    // SAFETY: the `paddr` is restricted by the `start_paddr` and `frame_count` of the `vm_segment`.
+                    // SAFETY: the `paddr` is restricted by the `start_paddr` and `frame_count` of the `segment`.
                     unsafe {
                         iommu::map(paddr as Daddr, paddr).unwrap();
                     }
@@ -103,7 +104,7 @@ impl DmaCoherent {
         };
         Ok(Self {
             inner: Arc::new(DmaCoherentInner {
-                vm_segment,
+                segment,
                 start_daddr,
                 is_cache_coherent,
             }),
@@ -112,7 +113,7 @@ impl DmaCoherent {
 
     /// Returns the number of bytes in the DMA mapping.
     pub fn nbytes(&self) -> usize {
-        self.inner.vm_segment.nbytes()
+        self.inner.segment.size()
     }
 }
 
@@ -123,16 +124,16 @@ impl HasDaddr for DmaCoherent {
 }
 
 impl Deref for DmaCoherent {
-    type Target = UntypedSegment;
+    type Target = DynUSegment;
     fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
-        &self.inner.vm_segment
+        &self.inner.segment
     }
 }
 
 impl Drop for DmaCoherentInner {
     fn drop(&mut self) {
-        let frame_count = self.vm_segment.nbytes() / PAGE_SIZE;
-        let start_paddr = self.vm_segment.start_paddr();
+        let frame_count = self.segment.size() / PAGE_SIZE;
+        let start_paddr = self.segment.start_paddr();
         // Ensure that the addresses used later will not overflow
         start_paddr.checked_add(frame_count * PAGE_SIZE).unwrap();
         match dma_type() {
@@ -173,43 +174,39 @@ impl Drop for DmaCoherentInner {
 
 impl VmIo for DmaCoherent {
     fn read(&self, offset: usize, writer: &mut VmWriter) -> Result<()> {
-        self.inner.vm_segment.read(offset, writer)
+        self.inner.segment.read(offset, writer)
     }
 
     fn write(&self, offset: usize, reader: &mut VmReader) -> Result<()> {
-        self.inner.vm_segment.write(offset, reader)
+        self.inner.segment.write(offset, reader)
     }
 }
 
 impl VmIoOnce for DmaCoherent {
     fn read_once<T: PodOnce>(&self, offset: usize) -> Result<T> {
-        self.inner.vm_segment.reader().skip(offset).read_once()
+        self.inner.segment.reader().skip(offset).read_once()
     }
 
     fn write_once<T: PodOnce>(&self, offset: usize, new_val: &T) -> Result<()> {
-        self.inner
-            .vm_segment
-            .writer()
-            .skip(offset)
-            .write_once(new_val)
+        self.inner.segment.writer().skip(offset).write_once(new_val)
     }
 }
 
 impl<'a> DmaCoherent {
     /// Returns a reader to read data from it.
     pub fn reader(&'a self) -> VmReader<'a, Infallible> {
-        self.inner.vm_segment.reader()
+        self.inner.segment.reader()
     }
 
     /// Returns a writer to write data into it.
     pub fn writer(&'a self) -> VmWriter<'a, Infallible> {
-        self.inner.vm_segment.writer()
+        self.inner.segment.writer()
     }
 }
 
 impl HasPaddr for DmaCoherent {
     fn paddr(&self) -> Paddr {
-        self.inner.vm_segment.start_paddr()
+        self.inner.segment.start_paddr()
     }
 }
 
@@ -222,46 +219,42 @@ mod test {
 
     #[ktest]
     fn map_with_coherent_device() {
-        let vm_segment = FrameAllocOptions::new(1)
-            .is_contiguous(true)
-            .alloc_contiguous()
+        let segment = FrameAllocOptions::new()
+            .alloc_segment_with(1, |_| ())
             .unwrap();
-        let dma_coherent = DmaCoherent::map(vm_segment.clone(), true).unwrap();
-        assert!(dma_coherent.paddr() == vm_segment.paddr());
+        let dma_coherent = DmaCoherent::map(segment.clone().into(), true).unwrap();
+        assert!(dma_coherent.paddr() == segment.start_paddr());
     }
 
     #[ktest]
     fn map_with_incoherent_device() {
-        let vm_segment = FrameAllocOptions::new(1)
-            .is_contiguous(true)
-            .alloc_contiguous()
+        let segment = FrameAllocOptions::new()
+            .alloc_segment_with(1, |_| ())
             .unwrap();
-        let dma_coherent = DmaCoherent::map(vm_segment.clone(), false).unwrap();
-        assert!(dma_coherent.paddr() == vm_segment.paddr());
+        let dma_coherent = DmaCoherent::map(segment.clone().into(), false).unwrap();
+        assert!(dma_coherent.paddr() == segment.start_paddr());
         let page_table = KERNEL_PAGE_TABLE.get().unwrap();
-        let vaddr = paddr_to_vaddr(vm_segment.paddr());
+        let vaddr = paddr_to_vaddr(segment.start_paddr());
         assert!(page_table.query(vaddr).unwrap().1.cache == CachePolicy::Uncacheable);
     }
 
     #[ktest]
     fn duplicate_map() {
-        let vm_segment_parent = FrameAllocOptions::new(2)
-            .is_contiguous(true)
-            .alloc_contiguous()
+        let segment = FrameAllocOptions::new()
+            .alloc_segment_with(2, |_| ())
             .unwrap();
-        let vm_segment_child = vm_segment_parent.slice(&(0..PAGE_SIZE));
-        let _dma_coherent_parent = DmaCoherent::map(vm_segment_parent, false);
-        let dma_coherent_child = DmaCoherent::map(vm_segment_child, false);
+        let segment_child = segment.slice(&(0..PAGE_SIZE));
+        let _dma_coherent_parent = DmaCoherent::map(segment.into(), false);
+        let dma_coherent_child = DmaCoherent::map(segment_child.into(), false);
         assert!(dma_coherent_child.is_err());
     }
 
     #[ktest]
     fn read_and_write() {
-        let vm_segment = FrameAllocOptions::new(2)
-            .is_contiguous(true)
-            .alloc_contiguous()
+        let segment = FrameAllocOptions::new()
+            .alloc_segment_with(2, |_| ())
             .unwrap();
-        let dma_coherent = DmaCoherent::map(vm_segment, false).unwrap();
+        let dma_coherent = DmaCoherent::map(segment.into(), false).unwrap();
 
         let buf_write = vec![1u8; 2 * PAGE_SIZE];
         dma_coherent.write_bytes(0, &buf_write).unwrap();
@@ -272,11 +265,10 @@ mod test {
 
     #[ktest]
     fn reader_and_writer() {
-        let vm_segment = FrameAllocOptions::new(2)
-            .is_contiguous(true)
-            .alloc_contiguous()
+        let segment = FrameAllocOptions::new()
+            .alloc_segment_with(2, |_| ())
             .unwrap();
-        let dma_coherent = DmaCoherent::map(vm_segment, false).unwrap();
+        let dma_coherent = DmaCoherent::map(segment.into(), false).unwrap();
 
         let buf_write = vec![1u8; PAGE_SIZE];
         let mut writer = dma_coherent.writer();
diff --git a/ostd/src/mm/dma/dma_stream.rs b/ostd/src/mm/dma/dma_stream.rs
index 389f74dd4..ace44c5ee 100644
--- a/ostd/src/mm/dma/dma_stream.rs
+++ b/ostd/src/mm/dma/dma_stream.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use crate::{
     error::Error,
     mm::{
         dma::{dma_type, Daddr, DmaType},
-        HasPaddr, Infallible, Paddr, UntypedSegment, VmIo, VmReader, VmWriter, PAGE_SIZE,
+        DynUSegment, HasPaddr, Infallible, Paddr, UntypedMem, VmIo, VmReader, VmWriter, PAGE_SIZE,
     },
 };
 
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ pub struct DmaStream {
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 struct DmaStreamInner {
-    vm_segment: UntypedSegment,
+    segment: DynUSegment,
     start_daddr: Daddr,
     /// TODO: remove this field when on x86.
     #[allow(unused)]
@@ -55,16 +55,16 @@ pub enum DmaDirection {
 }
 
 impl DmaStream {
-    /// Establishes DMA stream mapping for a given [`UntypedSegment`].
+    /// Establishes DMA stream mapping for a given [`DynUSegment`].
     ///
     /// The method fails if the segment already belongs to a DMA mapping.
     pub fn map(
-        vm_segment: UntypedSegment,
+        segment: DynUSegment,
         direction: DmaDirection,
         is_cache_coherent: bool,
     ) -> Result<Self, DmaError> {
-        let frame_count = vm_segment.nbytes() / PAGE_SIZE;
-        let start_paddr = vm_segment.start_paddr();
+        let frame_count = segment.size() / PAGE_SIZE;
+        let start_paddr = segment.start_paddr();
         if !check_and_insert_dma_mapping(start_paddr, frame_count) {
             return Err(DmaError::AlreadyMapped);
         }
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ impl DmaStream {
             DmaType::Iommu => {
                 for i in 0..frame_count {
                     let paddr = start_paddr + (i * PAGE_SIZE);
-                    // SAFETY: the `paddr` is restricted by the `start_paddr` and `frame_count` of the `vm_segment`.
+                    // SAFETY: the `paddr` is restricted by the `start_paddr` and `frame_count` of the `segment`.
                     unsafe {
                         iommu::map(paddr as Daddr, paddr).unwrap();
                     }
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ impl DmaStream {
 
         Ok(Self {
             inner: Arc::new(DmaStreamInner {
-                vm_segment,
+                segment,
                 start_daddr,
                 is_cache_coherent,
                 direction,
@@ -107,24 +107,24 @@ impl DmaStream {
         })
     }
 
-    /// Gets the underlying [`UntypedSegment`].
+    /// Gets the underlying [`DynUSegment`].
     ///
     /// Usually, the CPU side should not access the memory
     /// after the DMA mapping is established because
     /// there is a chance that the device is updating
     /// the memory. Do this at your own risk.
-    pub fn vm_segment(&self) -> &UntypedSegment {
-        &self.inner.vm_segment
+    pub fn segment(&self) -> &DynUSegment {
+        &self.inner.segment
     }
 
     /// Returns the number of frames.
     pub fn nframes(&self) -> usize {
-        self.inner.vm_segment.nbytes() / PAGE_SIZE
+        self.inner.segment.size() / PAGE_SIZE
     }
 
     /// Returns the number of bytes.
     pub fn nbytes(&self) -> usize {
-        self.inner.vm_segment.nbytes()
+        self.inner.segment.size()
     }
 
     /// Returns the DMA direction.
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ impl DmaStream {
                 if self.inner.is_cache_coherent {
                     return Ok(());
                 }
-                let start_va = crate::mm::paddr_to_vaddr(self.inner.vm_segment.paddr()) as *const u8;
+                let start_va = crate::mm::paddr_to_vaddr(self.inner.segment.paddr()) as *const u8;
                 // TODO: Query the CPU for the cache line size via CPUID, we use 64 bytes as the cache line size here.
                 for i in _byte_range.step_by(64) {
                     // TODO: Call the cache line flush command in the corresponding architecture.
@@ -176,8 +176,8 @@ impl HasDaddr for DmaStream {
 
 impl Drop for DmaStreamInner {
     fn drop(&mut self) {
-        let frame_count = self.vm_segment.nbytes() / PAGE_SIZE;
-        let start_paddr = self.vm_segment.start_paddr();
+        let frame_count = self.segment.size() / PAGE_SIZE;
+        let start_paddr = self.segment.start_paddr();
         // Ensure that the addresses used later will not overflow
         start_paddr.checked_add(frame_count * PAGE_SIZE).unwrap();
         match dma_type() {
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ impl VmIo for DmaStream {
         if self.inner.direction == DmaDirection::ToDevice {
             return Err(Error::AccessDenied);
         }
-        self.inner.vm_segment.read(offset, writer)
+        self.inner.segment.read(offset, writer)
     }
 
     /// Writes data from the buffer.
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ impl VmIo for DmaStream {
         if self.inner.direction == DmaDirection::FromDevice {
             return Err(Error::AccessDenied);
         }
-        self.inner.vm_segment.write(offset, reader)
+        self.inner.segment.write(offset, reader)
     }
 }
 
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ impl<'a> DmaStream {
         if self.inner.direction == DmaDirection::ToDevice {
             return Err(Error::AccessDenied);
         }
-        Ok(self.inner.vm_segment.reader())
+        Ok(self.inner.segment.reader())
     }
 
     /// Returns a writer to write data into it.
@@ -237,13 +237,13 @@ impl<'a> DmaStream {
         if self.inner.direction == DmaDirection::FromDevice {
             return Err(Error::AccessDenied);
         }
-        Ok(self.inner.vm_segment.writer())
+        Ok(self.inner.segment.writer())
     }
 }
 
 impl HasPaddr for DmaStream {
     fn paddr(&self) -> Paddr {
-        self.inner.vm_segment.start_paddr()
+        self.inner.segment.start_paddr()
     }
 }
 
@@ -373,36 +373,35 @@ mod test {
 
     #[ktest]
     fn streaming_map() {
-        let vm_segment = FrameAllocOptions::new(1)
-            .is_contiguous(true)
-            .alloc_contiguous()
+        let segment = FrameAllocOptions::new()
+            .alloc_segment_with(1, |_| ())
             .unwrap();
         let dma_stream =
-            DmaStream::map(vm_segment.clone(), DmaDirection::Bidirectional, true).unwrap();
-        assert!(dma_stream.paddr() == vm_segment.paddr());
+            DmaStream::map(segment.clone().into(), DmaDirection::Bidirectional, true).unwrap();
+        assert!(dma_stream.paddr() == segment.start_paddr());
     }
 
     #[ktest]
     fn duplicate_map() {
-        let vm_segment_parent = FrameAllocOptions::new(2)
-            .is_contiguous(true)
-            .alloc_contiguous()
+        let segment_parent = FrameAllocOptions::new()
+            .alloc_segment_with(2, |_| ())
             .unwrap();
-        let vm_segment_child = vm_segment_parent.slice(&(0..PAGE_SIZE));
+        let segment_child = segment_parent.slice(&(0..PAGE_SIZE));
         let dma_stream_parent =
-            DmaStream::map(vm_segment_parent, DmaDirection::Bidirectional, false);
-        let dma_stream_child = DmaStream::map(vm_segment_child, DmaDirection::Bidirectional, false);
+            DmaStream::map(segment_parent.into(), DmaDirection::Bidirectional, false);
+        let dma_stream_child =
+            DmaStream::map(segment_child.into(), DmaDirection::Bidirectional, false);
         assert!(dma_stream_parent.is_ok());
         assert!(dma_stream_child.is_err());
     }
 
     #[ktest]
     fn read_and_write() {
-        let vm_segment = FrameAllocOptions::new(2)
-            .is_contiguous(true)
-            .alloc_contiguous()
+        let segment = FrameAllocOptions::new()
+            .alloc_segment_with(2, |_| ())
             .unwrap();
-        let dma_stream = DmaStream::map(vm_segment, DmaDirection::Bidirectional, false).unwrap();
+        let dma_stream =
+            DmaStream::map(segment.into(), DmaDirection::Bidirectional, false).unwrap();
 
         let buf_write = vec![1u8; 2 * PAGE_SIZE];
         dma_stream.write_bytes(0, &buf_write).unwrap();
@@ -414,11 +413,11 @@ mod test {
 
     #[ktest]
     fn reader_and_writer() {
-        let vm_segment = FrameAllocOptions::new(2)
-            .is_contiguous(true)
-            .alloc_contiguous()
+        let segment = FrameAllocOptions::new()
+            .alloc_segment_with(2, |_| ())
             .unwrap();
-        let dma_stream = DmaStream::map(vm_segment, DmaDirection::Bidirectional, false).unwrap();
+        let dma_stream =
+            DmaStream::map(segment.into(), DmaDirection::Bidirectional, false).unwrap();
 
         let buf_write = vec![1u8; PAGE_SIZE];
         let mut writer = dma_stream.writer().unwrap();
diff --git a/ostd/src/mm/frame/allocator.rs b/ostd/src/mm/frame/allocator.rs
index 5913444fe..4ea06ee12 100644
--- a/ostd/src/mm/frame/allocator.rs
+++ b/ostd/src/mm/frame/allocator.rs
@@ -13,10 +13,135 @@ use spin::Once;
 use super::{meta::FrameMeta, segment::Segment, Frame};
 use crate::{
     boot::memory_region::MemoryRegionType,
-    mm::{Paddr, PAGE_SIZE},
+    error::Error,
+    mm::{paddr_to_vaddr, Paddr, PAGE_SIZE},
+    prelude::*,
     sync::SpinLock,
 };
 
+/// Options for allocating physical memory frames.
+pub struct FrameAllocOptions {
+    zeroed: bool,
+}
+
+impl Default for FrameAllocOptions {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl FrameAllocOptions {
+    /// Creates new options for allocating the specified number of frames.
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self { zeroed: true }
+    }
+
+    /// Sets whether the allocated frames should be initialized with zeros.
+    ///
+    /// If `zeroed` is `true`, the allocated frames are filled with zeros.
+    /// If not, the allocated frames will contain sensitive data and the caller
+    /// should clear them before sharing them with other components.
+    ///
+    /// By default, the frames are zero-initialized.
+    pub fn zeroed(&mut self, zeroed: bool) -> &mut Self {
+        self.zeroed = zeroed;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Allocates a single untyped frame without metadata.
+    pub fn alloc_frame(&self) -> Result<Frame<()>> {
+        self.alloc_frame_with(())
+    }
+
+    /// Allocates a single frame with additional metadata.
+    pub fn alloc_frame_with<M: FrameMeta>(&self, metadata: M) -> Result<Frame<M>> {
+        let frame = PAGE_ALLOCATOR
+            .get()
+            .unwrap()
+            .disable_irq()
+            .lock()
+            .alloc(1)
+            .map(|idx| {
+                let paddr = idx * PAGE_SIZE;
+                Frame::from_unused(paddr, metadata)
+            })
+            .ok_or(Error::NoMemory)?;
+
+        if self.zeroed {
+            let addr = paddr_to_vaddr(frame.start_paddr()) as *mut u8;
+            // SAFETY: The newly allocated frame is guaranteed to be valid.
+            unsafe { core::ptr::write_bytes(addr, 0, PAGE_SIZE) }
+        }
+
+        Ok(frame)
+    }
+
+    /// Allocates a contiguous range of untyped frames without metadata.
+    pub fn alloc_segment(&self, nframes: usize) -> Result<Segment<()>> {
+        self.alloc_segment_with(nframes, |_| ())
+    }
+
+    /// Allocates a contiguous range of frames with additional metadata.
+    ///
+    /// The returned [`Segment`] contains at least one frame. The method returns
+    /// an error if the number of frames is zero.
+    pub fn alloc_segment_with<M: FrameMeta, F>(
+        &self,
+        nframes: usize,
+        metadata_fn: F,
+    ) -> Result<Segment<M>>
+    where
+        F: FnMut(Paddr) -> M,
+    {
+        if nframes == 0 {
+            return Err(Error::InvalidArgs);
+        }
+        let segment = PAGE_ALLOCATOR
+            .get()
+            .unwrap()
+            .disable_irq()
+            .lock()
+            .alloc(nframes)
+            .map(|start| {
+                Segment::from_unused(
+                    start * PAGE_SIZE..start * PAGE_SIZE + nframes * PAGE_SIZE,
+                    metadata_fn,
+                )
+            })
+            .ok_or(Error::NoMemory)?;
+
+        if self.zeroed {
+            let addr = paddr_to_vaddr(segment.start_paddr()) as *mut u8;
+            // SAFETY: The newly allocated segment is guaranteed to be valid.
+            unsafe { core::ptr::write_bytes(addr, 0, nframes * PAGE_SIZE) }
+        }
+
+        Ok(segment)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(ktest)]
+#[ktest]
+fn test_alloc_dealloc() {
+    // Here we allocate and deallocate frames in random orders to test the allocator.
+    // We expect the test to fail if the underlying implementation panics.
+    let single_options = FrameAllocOptions::new();
+    let mut contiguous_options = FrameAllocOptions::new();
+    contiguous_options.zeroed(false);
+    let mut remember_vec = Vec::new();
+    for _ in 0..10 {
+        for i in 0..10 {
+            let single_frame = single_options.alloc_frame().unwrap();
+            if i % 3 == 0 {
+                remember_vec.push(single_frame);
+            }
+        }
+        let contiguous_segment = contiguous_options.alloc_segment(10).unwrap();
+        drop(contiguous_segment);
+        remember_vec.pop();
+    }
+}
+
 /// FrameAllocator with a counter for allocated memory
 pub(in crate::mm) struct CountingFrameAllocator {
     allocator: FrameAllocator,
@@ -59,45 +184,6 @@ impl CountingFrameAllocator {
 
 pub(in crate::mm) static PAGE_ALLOCATOR: Once<SpinLock<CountingFrameAllocator>> = Once::new();
 
-/// Allocate a single page.
-///
-/// The metadata of the page is initialized with the given metadata.
-pub(crate) fn alloc_single<M: FrameMeta>(metadata: M) -> Option<Frame<M>> {
-    PAGE_ALLOCATOR
-        .get()
-        .unwrap()
-        .disable_irq()
-        .lock()
-        .alloc(1)
-        .map(|idx| {
-            let paddr = idx * PAGE_SIZE;
-            Frame::from_unused(paddr, metadata)
-        })
-}
-
-/// Allocate a contiguous range of pages of a given length in bytes.
-///
-/// The caller must provide a closure to initialize metadata for all the pages.
-/// The closure receives the physical address of the page and returns the
-/// metadata, which is similar to [`core::array::from_fn`].
-///
-/// # Panics
-///
-/// The function panics if the length is not base-page-aligned.
-pub(crate) fn alloc_contiguous<M: FrameMeta, F>(len: usize, metadata_fn: F) -> Option<Segment<M>>
-where
-    F: FnMut(Paddr) -> M,
-{
-    assert!(len % PAGE_SIZE == 0);
-    PAGE_ALLOCATOR
-        .get()
-        .unwrap()
-        .disable_irq()
-        .lock()
-        .alloc(len / PAGE_SIZE)
-        .map(|start| Segment::from_unused(start * PAGE_SIZE..start * PAGE_SIZE + len, metadata_fn))
-}
-
 pub(crate) fn init() {
     let regions = crate::boot::memory_regions();
     let mut total: usize = 0;
diff --git a/ostd/src/mm/frame/meta.rs b/ostd/src/mm/frame/meta.rs
index 55185034c..4200fa721 100644
--- a/ostd/src/mm/frame/meta.rs
+++ b/ostd/src/mm/frame/meta.rs
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ use crate::{
 
 /// The maximum number of bytes of the metadata of a page.
 pub const PAGE_METADATA_MAX_SIZE: usize =
-    META_SLOT_SIZE - size_of::<AtomicU32>() - size_of::<FrameMetaVtablePtr>();
+    META_SLOT_SIZE - size_of::<bool>() - size_of::<AtomicU32>() - size_of::<FrameMetaVtablePtr>();
 /// The maximum alignment in bytes of the metadata of a page.
 pub const PAGE_METADATA_MAX_ALIGN: usize = align_of::<MetaSlot>();
 
@@ -77,19 +77,24 @@ pub(in crate::mm) struct MetaSlot {
     ///    at most `PAGE_METADATA_ALIGN` bytes of alignment;
     ///  - the subsequent fields can utilize the padding of the
     ///    reference count to save space.
-    storage: UnsafeCell<[u8; PAGE_METADATA_MAX_SIZE]>,
+    ///
+    /// Don't access this field by a reference to the slot.
+    _storage: UnsafeCell<[u8; PAGE_METADATA_MAX_SIZE]>,
     /// The reference count of the page.
     ///
     /// Specifically, the reference count has the following meaning:
-    ///  * `REF_COUNT_UNUSED`: The page is not in use.
-    ///  * `0`: The page is being constructed ([`Page::from_unused`])
+    ///  - `REF_COUNT_UNUSED`: The page is not in use.
+    ///  - `0`: The page is being constructed ([`Frame::from_unused`])
     ///    or destructured ([`drop_last_in_place`]).
-    ///  * `1..REF_COUNT_MAX`: The page is in use.
-    ///  * `REF_COUNT_MAX..REF_COUNT_UNUSED`: Illegal values to
+    ///  - `1..REF_COUNT_MAX`: The page is in use.
+    ///  - `REF_COUNT_MAX..REF_COUNT_UNUSED`: Illegal values to
     ///    prevent the reference count from overflowing. Otherwise,
     ///    overflowing the reference count will cause soundness issue.
     ///
     /// [`Frame::from_unused`]: super::Frame::from_unused
+    //
+    // Other than this field the fields should be `MaybeUninit`.
+    // See initialization in `alloc_meta_pages`.
     pub(super) ref_count: AtomicU32,
     /// The virtual table that indicates the type of the metadata.
     pub(super) vtable_ptr: UnsafeCell<MaybeUninit<FrameMetaVtablePtr>>,
@@ -123,6 +128,16 @@ pub unsafe trait FrameMeta: Any + Send + Sync + Debug + 'static {
     fn on_drop(&mut self, reader: &mut VmReader<Infallible>) {
         let _ = reader;
     }
+
+    /// Whether the metadata's associated frame is untyped.
+    ///
+    /// If a type implements [`UFrameMeta`], this should be `true`.
+    /// Otherwise, it should be `false`.
+    ///
+    /// [`UFrameMeta`]: super::untyped::UFrameMeta
+    fn is_untyped(&self) -> bool {
+        false
+    }
 }
 
 /// Makes a structure usable as a page metadata.
@@ -202,7 +217,7 @@ pub(super) unsafe fn drop_last_in_place(ptr: *mut MetaSlot) {
         core::ptr::drop_in_place(meta_ptr);
     }
 
-    // `Release` pairs with the `Acquire` in `Page::from_unused` and ensures `drop_in_place` won't
+    // `Release` pairs with the `Acquire` in `Frame::from_unused` and ensures `drop_in_place` won't
     // be reordered after this memory store.
     slot.ref_count.store(REF_COUNT_UNUSED, Ordering::Release);
 
@@ -280,20 +295,15 @@ fn alloc_meta_pages(num_pages: usize) -> (usize, Paddr) {
         * PAGE_SIZE;
 
     let slots = paddr_to_vaddr(start_paddr) as *mut MetaSlot;
-    for i in 0..num_pages {
-        // SAFETY: The memory is successfully allocated with `num_pages` slots so the index must be
-        // within the range.
-        let slot = unsafe { slots.add(i) };
 
-        // SAFETY: The memory is just allocated so we have exclusive access and it's valid for
-        // writing.
-        unsafe {
-            slot.write(MetaSlot {
-                storage: UnsafeCell::new([0; PAGE_METADATA_MAX_SIZE]),
-                ref_count: AtomicU32::new(REF_COUNT_UNUSED),
-                vtable_ptr: UnsafeCell::new(MaybeUninit::uninit()),
-            });
-        }
+    // Fill the metadata pages with a byte pattern of `REF_COUNT_UNUSED`.
+    debug_assert_eq!(REF_COUNT_UNUSED.to_ne_bytes(), [0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff]);
+    // SAFETY: `slots` and the length is a valid region for the metadata pages
+    // that are going to be treated as metadata slots. The byte pattern is
+    // valid as the initial value of the reference count (other fields are
+    // either not accessed or `MaybeUninit`).
+    unsafe {
+        core::ptr::write_bytes(slots as *mut u8, 0xff, num_pages * size_of::<MetaSlot>());
     }
 
     (num_meta_pages, start_paddr)
diff --git a/ostd/src/mm/frame/mod.rs b/ostd/src/mm/frame/mod.rs
index 003965c80..8fb688dd8 100644
--- a/ostd/src/mm/frame/mod.rs
+++ b/ostd/src/mm/frame/mod.rs
@@ -16,12 +16,11 @@
 
 pub mod allocator;
 pub mod meta;
-mod segment;
+pub mod segment;
 pub mod untyped;
 
 use core::{
     marker::PhantomData,
-    mem::ManuallyDrop,
     sync::atomic::{AtomicU32, AtomicUsize, Ordering},
 };
 
@@ -29,14 +28,14 @@ use meta::{
     mapping, FrameMeta, MetaSlot, PAGE_METADATA_MAX_ALIGN, PAGE_METADATA_MAX_SIZE, REF_COUNT_UNUSED,
 };
 pub use segment::Segment;
-use untyped::UntypedMeta;
+use untyped::{DynUFrame, UFrameMeta};
 
-use super::{PagingLevel, UntypedFrame, PAGE_SIZE};
+use super::{PagingLevel, PAGE_SIZE};
 use crate::mm::{Paddr, PagingConsts, Vaddr};
 
 static MAX_PADDR: AtomicUsize = AtomicUsize::new(0);
 
-/// A page with a statically-known usage, whose metadata is represented by `M`.
+/// A physical memory frame with a statically-known usage, whose metadata is represented by `M`.
 #[derive(Debug)]
 #[repr(transparent)]
 pub struct Frame<M: FrameMeta + ?Sized> {
@@ -44,6 +43,13 @@ pub struct Frame<M: FrameMeta + ?Sized> {
     pub(super) _marker: PhantomData<M>,
 }
 
+/// A physical memory frame with a dynamically-known usage.
+///
+/// The usage of this frame will not be changed while this object is alive. But the
+/// usage is not known at compile time. An [`DynFrame`] as a parameter accepts any
+/// type of frames.
+pub type DynFrame = Frame<dyn FrameMeta>;
+
 unsafe impl<M: FrameMeta + ?Sized> Send for Frame<M> {}
 
 unsafe impl<M: FrameMeta + ?Sized> Sync for Frame<M> {}
@@ -79,7 +85,8 @@ impl<M: FrameMeta> Frame<M> {
             .compare_exchange(REF_COUNT_UNUSED, 0, Ordering::Acquire, Ordering::Relaxed)
             .expect("Frame already in use when trying to get a new handle");
 
-        // SAFETY: We have exclusive access to the page metadata.
+        // SAFETY: We have exclusive access to the page metadata. These fields are mutably
+        // borrowed only once.
         let vtable_ptr = unsafe { &mut *slot.vtable_ptr.get() };
         vtable_ptr.write(core::ptr::metadata(&metadata as &dyn FrameMeta));
 
@@ -114,7 +121,7 @@ impl<M: FrameMeta> Frame<M> {
 
 impl<M: FrameMeta + ?Sized> Frame<M> {
     /// Get the physical address.
-    pub fn paddr(&self) -> Paddr {
+    pub fn start_paddr(&self) -> Paddr {
         mapping::meta_to_page::<PagingConsts>(self.ptr as Vaddr)
     }
 
@@ -183,7 +190,7 @@ impl<M: FrameMeta + ?Sized> Frame<M> {
     /// data structures need to hold the page handle such as the page table.
     #[allow(unused)]
     pub(in crate::mm) fn into_raw(self) -> Paddr {
-        let paddr = self.paddr();
+        let paddr = self.start_paddr();
         core::mem::forget(self);
         paddr
     }
@@ -256,12 +263,8 @@ impl<M: FrameMeta> TryFrom<Frame<dyn FrameMeta>> for Frame<M> {
     /// return the dynamic page itself as is.
     fn try_from(dyn_frame: Frame<dyn FrameMeta>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
         if (dyn_frame.dyn_meta() as &dyn core::any::Any).is::<M>() {
-            let result = Frame {
-                ptr: dyn_frame.ptr,
-                _marker: PhantomData,
-            };
-            let _ = ManuallyDrop::new(dyn_frame);
-            Ok(result)
+            // SAFETY: The metadata is coerceable and the struct is transmutable.
+            Ok(unsafe { core::mem::transmute::<Frame<dyn FrameMeta>, Frame<M>>(dyn_frame) })
         } else {
             Err(dyn_frame)
         }
@@ -270,18 +273,46 @@ impl<M: FrameMeta> TryFrom<Frame<dyn FrameMeta>> for Frame<M> {
 
 impl<M: FrameMeta> From<Frame<M>> for Frame<dyn FrameMeta> {
     fn from(frame: Frame<M>) -> Self {
-        let result = Self {
-            ptr: frame.ptr,
-            _marker: PhantomData,
-        };
-        let _ = ManuallyDrop::new(frame);
-        result
+        // SAFETY: The metadata is coerceable and the struct is transmutable.
+        unsafe { core::mem::transmute(frame) }
     }
 }
 
-impl From<UntypedFrame> for Frame<dyn FrameMeta> {
-    fn from(frame: UntypedFrame) -> Self {
-        Frame::<UntypedMeta>::from(frame).into()
+impl<M: UFrameMeta> From<Frame<M>> for DynUFrame {
+    fn from(frame: Frame<M>) -> Self {
+        // SAFETY: The metadata is coerceable and the struct is transmutable.
+        unsafe { core::mem::transmute(frame) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<M: UFrameMeta> From<&Frame<M>> for &DynUFrame {
+    fn from(frame: &Frame<M>) -> Self {
+        // SAFETY: The metadata is coerceable and the struct is transmutable.
+        unsafe { core::mem::transmute(frame) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<DynUFrame> for Frame<dyn FrameMeta> {
+    fn from(frame: DynUFrame) -> Self {
+        // SAFETY: The metadata is coerceable and the struct is transmutable.
+        unsafe { core::mem::transmute(frame) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<Frame<dyn FrameMeta>> for DynUFrame {
+    type Error = Frame<dyn FrameMeta>;
+
+    /// Try converting a [`Frame<dyn FrameMeta>`] into [`DynUFrame`].
+    ///
+    /// If the usage of the page is not the same as the expected usage, it will
+    /// return the dynamic page itself as is.
+    fn try_from(dyn_frame: Frame<dyn FrameMeta>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        if dyn_frame.dyn_meta().is_untyped() {
+            // SAFETY: The metadata is coerceable and the struct is transmutable.
+            Ok(unsafe { core::mem::transmute::<Frame<dyn FrameMeta>, DynUFrame>(dyn_frame) })
+        } else {
+            Err(dyn_frame)
+        }
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/ostd/src/mm/frame/segment.rs b/ostd/src/mm/frame/segment.rs
index 6c7b15f68..77da52213 100644
--- a/ostd/src/mm/frame/segment.rs
+++ b/ostd/src/mm/frame/segment.rs
@@ -2,11 +2,10 @@
 
 //! A contiguous range of pages.
 
-use alloc::vec::Vec;
 use core::{mem::ManuallyDrop, ops::Range};
 
 use super::{inc_page_ref_count, meta::FrameMeta, Frame};
-use crate::mm::{Paddr, PAGE_SIZE};
+use crate::mm::{Paddr, UFrameMeta, PAGE_SIZE};
 
 /// A contiguous range of homogeneous physical memory pages.
 ///
@@ -21,11 +20,30 @@ use crate::mm::{Paddr, PAGE_SIZE};
 /// All the metadata of the pages are homogeneous, i.e., they are of the same
 /// type.
 #[derive(Debug)]
+#[repr(transparent)]
 pub struct Segment<M: FrameMeta + ?Sized> {
     range: Range<Paddr>,
     _marker: core::marker::PhantomData<M>,
 }
 
+/// A contiguous range of homogeneous physical memory frames that have any metadata.
+///
+/// In other words, the metadata of the frames are of the same type but the type
+/// is not known at compile time. An [`DynSegment`] as a parameter accepts any
+/// type of segments.
+///
+/// The usage of this frame will not be changed while this object is alive.
+pub type DynSegment = Segment<dyn FrameMeta>;
+
+/// A contiguous range of homogeneous untyped physical memory pages that have any metadata.
+///
+/// In other words, the metadata of the frames are of the same type, and they
+/// are untyped, but the type of metadata is not known at compile time. An
+/// [`DynUSegment`] as a parameter accepts any untyped segments.
+///
+/// The usage of this frame will not be changed while this object is alive.
+pub type DynUSegment = Segment<dyn UFrameMeta>;
+
 impl<M: FrameMeta + ?Sized> Drop for Segment<M> {
     fn drop(&mut self) {
         for paddr in self.range.clone().step_by(PAGE_SIZE) {
@@ -89,7 +107,7 @@ impl<M: FrameMeta + ?Sized> Segment<M> {
     }
 
     /// Gets the length in bytes of the contiguous pages.
-    pub fn nbytes(&self) -> usize {
+    pub fn size(&self) -> usize {
         self.range.end - self.range.start
     }
 
@@ -104,7 +122,7 @@ impl<M: FrameMeta + ?Sized> Segment<M> {
     /// not base-page-aligned.
     pub fn split(self, offset: usize) -> (Self, Self) {
         assert!(offset % PAGE_SIZE == 0);
-        assert!(0 < offset && offset < self.nbytes());
+        assert!(0 < offset && offset < self.size());
 
         let old = ManuallyDrop::new(self);
         let at = old.range.start + offset;
@@ -152,7 +170,7 @@ impl<M: FrameMeta + ?Sized> Segment<M> {
 
 impl<M: FrameMeta + ?Sized> From<Frame<M>> for Segment<M> {
     fn from(page: Frame<M>) -> Self {
-        let pa = page.paddr();
+        let pa = page.start_paddr();
         let _ = ManuallyDrop::new(page);
         Self {
             range: pa..pa + PAGE_SIZE,
@@ -161,22 +179,6 @@ impl<M: FrameMeta + ?Sized> From<Frame<M>> for Segment<M> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<M: FrameMeta + ?Sized> From<Segment<M>> for Vec<Frame<M>> {
-    fn from(pages: Segment<M>) -> Self {
-        let vector = pages
-            .range
-            .clone()
-            .step_by(PAGE_SIZE)
-            .map(|i|
-            // SAFETY: for each page there would be a forgotten handle
-            // when creating the `Segment` object.
-            unsafe { Frame::<M>::from_raw(i) })
-            .collect();
-        let _ = ManuallyDrop::new(pages);
-        vector
-    }
-}
-
 impl<M: FrameMeta + ?Sized> Iterator for Segment<M> {
     type Item = Frame<M>;
 
@@ -194,3 +196,83 @@ impl<M: FrameMeta + ?Sized> Iterator for Segment<M> {
         }
     }
 }
+
+impl<M: FrameMeta> From<Segment<M>> for DynSegment {
+    fn from(seg: Segment<M>) -> Self {
+        let seg = ManuallyDrop::new(seg);
+        Self {
+            range: seg.range.clone(),
+            _marker: core::marker::PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<M: FrameMeta> TryFrom<DynSegment> for Segment<M> {
+    type Error = DynSegment;
+
+    fn try_from(seg: DynSegment) -> core::result::Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        // SAFETY: for each page there would be a forgotten handle
+        // when creating the `Segment` object.
+        let first_frame = unsafe { Frame::<dyn FrameMeta>::from_raw(seg.range.start) };
+        let first_frame = ManuallyDrop::new(first_frame);
+        if !(first_frame.dyn_meta() as &dyn core::any::Any).is::<M>() {
+            return Err(seg);
+        }
+        // Since segments are homogeneous, we can safely assume that the rest
+        // of the frames are of the same type. We just debug-check here.
+        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+        {
+            for paddr in seg.range.clone().step_by(PAGE_SIZE) {
+                let frame = unsafe { Frame::<dyn FrameMeta>::from_raw(paddr) };
+                let frame = ManuallyDrop::new(frame);
+                debug_assert!((frame.dyn_meta() as &dyn core::any::Any).is::<M>());
+            }
+        }
+        // SAFETY: The metadata is coerceable and the struct is transmutable.
+        Ok(unsafe { core::mem::transmute::<DynSegment, Segment<M>>(seg) })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<M: UFrameMeta> From<Segment<M>> for DynUSegment {
+    fn from(seg: Segment<M>) -> Self {
+        // SAFETY: The metadata is coerceable and the struct is transmutable.
+        unsafe { core::mem::transmute(seg) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<M: UFrameMeta> From<&Segment<M>> for &DynUSegment {
+    fn from(seg: &Segment<M>) -> Self {
+        // SAFETY: The metadata is coerceable and the struct is transmutable.
+        unsafe { core::mem::transmute(seg) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<DynSegment> for DynUSegment {
+    type Error = DynSegment;
+
+    /// Try converting a [`DynSegment`] into [`DynUSegment`].
+    ///
+    /// If the usage of the page is not the same as the expected usage, it will
+    /// return the dynamic page itself as is.
+    fn try_from(seg: DynSegment) -> core::result::Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        // SAFETY: for each page there would be a forgotten handle
+        // when creating the `Segment` object.
+        let first_frame = unsafe { Frame::<dyn FrameMeta>::from_raw(seg.range.start) };
+        let first_frame = ManuallyDrop::new(first_frame);
+        if !first_frame.dyn_meta().is_untyped() {
+            return Err(seg);
+        }
+        // Since segments are homogeneous, we can safely assume that the rest
+        // of the frames are of the same type. We just debug-check here.
+        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+        {
+            for paddr in seg.range.clone().step_by(PAGE_SIZE) {
+                let frame = unsafe { Frame::<dyn FrameMeta>::from_raw(paddr) };
+                let frame = ManuallyDrop::new(frame);
+                debug_assert!(frame.dyn_meta().is_untyped());
+            }
+        }
+        // SAFETY: The metadata is coerceable and the struct is transmutable.
+        Ok(unsafe { core::mem::transmute::<DynSegment, DynUSegment>(seg) })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/ostd/src/mm/frame/untyped.rs b/ostd/src/mm/frame/untyped.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1ecb860ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ostd/src/mm/frame/untyped.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
+
+//! Untyped physical memory management.
+//!
+//! A frame is a special page that is _untyped_ memory.
+//! It is used to store data irrelevant to the integrity of the kernel.
+//! All pages mapped to the virtual address space of the users are backed by
+//! frames. Frames, with all the properties of pages, can additionally be safely
+//! read and written by the kernel or the user.
+
+use super::{meta::FrameMeta, Frame, Segment};
+use crate::{
+    mm::{
+        io::{FallibleVmRead, FallibleVmWrite, VmIo, VmReader, VmWriter},
+        paddr_to_vaddr, Infallible,
+    },
+    Error, Result,
+};
+
+/// The metadata of untyped frame.
+///
+/// If a structure `M` implements [`UFrameMeta`], it can be used as the
+/// metadata of a type of untyped frames [`Frame<M>`]. All frames of such type
+/// will be accessible as untyped memory.
+pub trait UFrameMeta: FrameMeta {}
+
+/// An untyped frame with any metadata.
+///
+/// The usage of this frame will not be changed while this object is alive.
+/// The metadata of the frame is not known at compile time but the frame must
+/// be an untyped one. An [`DynUFrame`] as a parameter accepts any type of
+/// untyped frame metadata.
+pub type DynUFrame = Frame<dyn UFrameMeta>;
+
+/// Makes a structure usable as untyped frame metadata.
+///
+/// Directly implementing [`FrameMeta`] is not safe since the size and
+/// alignment must be checked. This macro provides a safe way to implement both
+/// [`FrameMeta`] and [`UFrameMeta`] with compile-time checks.
+///
+/// If this macro is used for built-in typed frame metadata, it won't compile.
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! impl_untyped_frame_meta_for {
+    // Implement without specifying the drop behavior.
+    ($t:ty) => {
+        use static_assertions::const_assert;
+        const_assert!(size_of::<$t>() <= $crate::mm::frame::meta::PAGE_METADATA_MAX_SIZE);
+        const_assert!(align_of::<$t>() <= $crate::mm::frame::meta::PAGE_METADATA_MAX_ALIGN);
+        // SAFETY: The size and alignment of the structure are checked.
+        unsafe impl $crate::mm::frame::meta::FrameMeta for $t {
+            fn is_untyped(&self) -> bool {
+                true
+            }
+        }
+        impl $crate::mm::frame::untyped::UFrameMeta for $t {}
+    };
+    // Implement with a customized drop function.
+    ($t:ty, $body:expr) => {
+        use static_assertions::const_assert;
+        const_assert!(size_of::<$t>() <= $crate::mm::frame::meta::PAGE_METADATA_MAX_SIZE);
+        const_assert!(align_of::<$t>() <= $crate::mm::frame::meta::PAGE_METADATA_MAX_ALIGN);
+        // SAFETY: The size and alignment of the structure are checked.
+        // Outside OSTD the user cannot implement a `on_drop` method for typed
+        // frames. And untyped frames can be safely read.
+        unsafe impl $crate::mm::frame::meta::FrameMeta for $t {
+            fn on_drop(&mut self, reader: &mut $crate::mm::VmReader<$crate::mm::Infallible>) {
+                $body
+            }
+
+            fn is_untyped(&self) -> bool {
+                true
+            }
+        }
+        impl $crate::mm::frame::untyped::UFrameMeta for $t {}
+    };
+}
+
+// A special case of untyped metadata is the unit type.
+impl_untyped_frame_meta_for!(());
+
+/// A physical memory range that is untyped.
+///
+/// Untyped frames or segments can be safely read and written by the kernel or
+/// the user.
+pub trait UntypedMem {
+    /// Borrows a reader that can read the untyped memory.
+    fn reader(&self) -> VmReader<'_, Infallible>;
+    /// Borrows a writer that can write the untyped memory.
+    fn writer(&self) -> VmWriter<'_, Infallible>;
+}
+
+macro_rules! impl_untyped_for {
+    ($t:ident) => {
+        impl<UM: UFrameMeta + ?Sized> UntypedMem for $t<UM> {
+            fn reader(&self) -> VmReader<'_, Infallible> {
+                let ptr = paddr_to_vaddr(self.start_paddr()) as *const u8;
+                // SAFETY: Only untyped frames are allowed to be read.
+                unsafe { VmReader::from_kernel_space(ptr, self.size()) }
+            }
+
+            fn writer(&self) -> VmWriter<'_, Infallible> {
+                let ptr = paddr_to_vaddr(self.start_paddr()) as *mut u8;
+                // SAFETY: Only untyped frames are allowed to be written.
+                unsafe { VmWriter::from_kernel_space(ptr, self.size()) }
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl<UM: UFrameMeta + ?Sized> VmIo for $t<UM> {
+            fn read(&self, offset: usize, writer: &mut VmWriter) -> Result<()> {
+                let read_len = writer.avail().min(self.size().saturating_sub(offset));
+                // Do bound check with potential integer overflow in mind
+                let max_offset = offset.checked_add(read_len).ok_or(Error::Overflow)?;
+                if max_offset > self.size() {
+                    return Err(Error::InvalidArgs);
+                }
+                let len = self
+                    .reader()
+                    .skip(offset)
+                    .read_fallible(writer)
+                    .map_err(|(e, _)| e)?;
+                debug_assert!(len == read_len);
+                Ok(())
+            }
+
+            fn write(&self, offset: usize, reader: &mut VmReader) -> Result<()> {
+                let write_len = reader.remain().min(self.size().saturating_sub(offset));
+                // Do bound check with potential integer overflow in mind
+                let max_offset = offset.checked_add(write_len).ok_or(Error::Overflow)?;
+                if max_offset > self.size() {
+                    return Err(Error::InvalidArgs);
+                }
+                let len = self
+                    .writer()
+                    .skip(offset)
+                    .write_fallible(reader)
+                    .map_err(|(e, _)| e)?;
+                debug_assert!(len == write_len);
+                Ok(())
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+impl_untyped_for!(Frame);
+impl_untyped_for!(Segment);
+
+// Here are implementations for `xarray`.
+
+use core::{marker::PhantomData, mem::ManuallyDrop, ops::Deref};
+
+/// `FrameRef` is a struct that can work as `&'a Frame<m>`.
+///
+/// This is solely useful for [`crate::collections::xarray`].
+pub struct FrameRef<'a, M: UFrameMeta + ?Sized> {
+    inner: ManuallyDrop<Frame<M>>,
+    _marker: PhantomData<&'a Frame<M>>,
+}
+
+impl<M: UFrameMeta + ?Sized> Deref for FrameRef<'_, M> {
+    type Target = Frame<M>;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.inner
+    }
+}
+
+// SAFETY: `Frame` is essentially an `*const MetaSlot` that could be used as a `*const` pointer.
+// The pointer is also aligned to 4.
+unsafe impl<M: UFrameMeta + ?Sized> xarray::ItemEntry for Frame<M> {
+    type Ref<'a>
+        = FrameRef<'a, M>
+    where
+        Self: 'a;
+
+    fn into_raw(self) -> *const () {
+        let ptr = self.ptr;
+        let _ = ManuallyDrop::new(self);
+        ptr as *const ()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn from_raw(raw: *const ()) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            ptr: raw as *const _,
+            _marker: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn raw_as_ref<'a>(raw: *const ()) -> Self::Ref<'a> {
+        Self::Ref {
+            inner: ManuallyDrop::new(Frame {
+                ptr: raw as *const _,
+                _marker: PhantomData,
+            }),
+            _marker: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/ostd/src/mm/frame/untyped/mod.rs b/ostd/src/mm/frame/untyped/mod.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 7760b260a..000000000
--- a/ostd/src/mm/frame/untyped/mod.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,236 +0,0 @@
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
-
-//! Untyped physical memory management.
-//!
-//! A frame is a special page that is _untyped_ memory.
-//! It is used to store data irrelevant to the integrity of the kernel.
-//! All pages mapped to the virtual address space of the users are backed by
-//! frames. Frames, with all the properties of pages, can additionally be safely
-//! read and written by the kernel or the user.
-
-pub mod options;
-mod segment;
-
-use core::mem::ManuallyDrop;
-
-pub use segment::UntypedSegment;
-
-use super::{
-    meta::{impl_frame_meta_for, FrameMeta, MetaSlot},
-    Frame,
-};
-use crate::{
-    mm::{
-        io::{FallibleVmRead, FallibleVmWrite, VmIo, VmReader, VmWriter},
-        paddr_to_vaddr, HasPaddr, Infallible, Paddr, PAGE_SIZE,
-    },
-    Error, Result,
-};
-
-/// A handle to a physical memory page of untyped memory.
-///
-/// An instance of `UntypedFrame` is a handle to a page frame (a physical memory
-/// page). A cloned `UntypedFrame` refers to the same page frame as the original.
-/// As the original and cloned instances point to the same physical address,  
-/// they are treated as equal to each other. Behind the scene, a reference
-/// counter is maintained for each page frame so that when all instances of
-/// `UntypedFrame` that refer to the same page frame are dropped, the page frame
-/// will be globally freed.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct UntypedFrame {
-    page: Frame<UntypedMeta>,
-}
-
-impl UntypedFrame {
-    /// Returns the physical address of the page frame.
-    pub fn start_paddr(&self) -> Paddr {
-        self.page.paddr()
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the end physical address of the page frame.
-    pub fn end_paddr(&self) -> Paddr {
-        self.start_paddr() + PAGE_SIZE
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the size of the frame
-    pub const fn size(&self) -> usize {
-        self.page.size()
-    }
-
-    /// Returns a raw pointer to the starting virtual address of the frame.
-    pub fn as_ptr(&self) -> *const u8 {
-        paddr_to_vaddr(self.start_paddr()) as *const u8
-    }
-
-    /// Returns a mutable raw pointer to the starting virtual address of the frame.
-    pub fn as_mut_ptr(&self) -> *mut u8 {
-        paddr_to_vaddr(self.start_paddr()) as *mut u8
-    }
-
-    /// Copies the content of `src` to the frame.
-    pub fn copy_from(&self, src: &UntypedFrame) {
-        if self.paddr() == src.paddr() {
-            return;
-        }
-        // SAFETY: the source and the destination does not overlap.
-        unsafe {
-            core::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(src.as_ptr(), self.as_mut_ptr(), self.size());
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Get the reference count of the frame.
-    ///
-    /// It returns the number of all references to the page, including all the
-    /// existing page handles ([`UntypedFrame`]) and all the mappings in the page
-    /// table that points to the page.
-    ///
-    /// # Safety
-    ///
-    /// The function is safe to call, but using it requires extra care. The
-    /// reference count can be changed by other threads at any time including
-    /// potentially between calling this method and acting on the result.
-    pub fn reference_count(&self) -> u32 {
-        self.page.reference_count()
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<Frame<UntypedMeta>> for UntypedFrame {
-    fn from(page: Frame<UntypedMeta>) -> Self {
-        Self { page }
-    }
-}
-
-impl TryFrom<Frame<dyn FrameMeta>> for UntypedFrame {
-    type Error = Frame<dyn FrameMeta>;
-
-    /// Try converting a [`Frame<dyn FrameMeta>`] into the statically-typed [`UntypedFrame`].
-    ///
-    /// If the dynamic page is not used as an untyped page frame, it will
-    /// return the dynamic page itself as is.
-    fn try_from(page: Frame<dyn FrameMeta>) -> core::result::Result<Self, Self::Error> {
-        page.try_into().map(|p: Frame<UntypedMeta>| p.into())
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<UntypedFrame> for Frame<UntypedMeta> {
-    fn from(frame: UntypedFrame) -> Self {
-        frame.page
-    }
-}
-
-impl HasPaddr for UntypedFrame {
-    fn paddr(&self) -> Paddr {
-        self.start_paddr()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> UntypedFrame {
-    /// Returns a reader to read data from it.
-    pub fn reader(&'a self) -> VmReader<'a, Infallible> {
-        // SAFETY:
-        // - The memory range points to untyped memory.
-        // - The frame is alive during the lifetime `'a`.
-        // - Using `VmReader` and `VmWriter` is the only way to access the frame.
-        unsafe { VmReader::from_kernel_space(self.as_ptr(), self.size()) }
-    }
-
-    /// Returns a writer to write data into it.
-    pub fn writer(&'a self) -> VmWriter<'a, Infallible> {
-        // SAFETY:
-        // - The memory range points to untyped memory.
-        // - The frame is alive during the lifetime `'a`.
-        // - Using `VmReader` and `VmWriter` is the only way to access the frame.
-        unsafe { VmWriter::from_kernel_space(self.as_mut_ptr(), self.size()) }
-    }
-}
-
-impl VmIo for UntypedFrame {
-    fn read(&self, offset: usize, writer: &mut VmWriter) -> Result<()> {
-        let read_len = writer.avail().min(self.size().saturating_sub(offset));
-        // Do bound check with potential integer overflow in mind
-        let max_offset = offset.checked_add(read_len).ok_or(Error::Overflow)?;
-        if max_offset > self.size() {
-            return Err(Error::InvalidArgs);
-        }
-        let len = self
-            .reader()
-            .skip(offset)
-            .read_fallible(writer)
-            .map_err(|(e, _)| e)?;
-        debug_assert!(len == read_len);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn write(&self, offset: usize, reader: &mut VmReader) -> Result<()> {
-        let write_len = reader.remain().min(self.size().saturating_sub(offset));
-        // Do bound check with potential integer overflow in mind
-        let max_offset = offset.checked_add(write_len).ok_or(Error::Overflow)?;
-        if max_offset > self.size() {
-            return Err(Error::InvalidArgs);
-        }
-        let len = self
-            .writer()
-            .skip(offset)
-            .write_fallible(reader)
-            .map_err(|(e, _)| e)?;
-        debug_assert!(len == write_len);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-/// Metadata for a frame.
-#[derive(Debug, Default)]
-pub struct UntypedMeta {}
-
-impl_frame_meta_for!(UntypedMeta);
-
-// Here are implementations for `xarray`.
-
-use core::{marker::PhantomData, ops::Deref};
-
-/// `FrameRef` is a struct that can work as `&'a UntypedFrame`.
-///
-/// This is solely useful for [`crate::collections::xarray`].
-pub struct FrameRef<'a> {
-    inner: ManuallyDrop<UntypedFrame>,
-    _marker: PhantomData<&'a UntypedFrame>,
-}
-
-impl Deref for FrameRef<'_> {
-    type Target = UntypedFrame;
-
-    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
-        &self.inner
-    }
-}
-
-// SAFETY: `UntypedFrame` is essentially an `*const MetaSlot` that could be used as a `*const` pointer.
-// The pointer is also aligned to 4.
-unsafe impl xarray::ItemEntry for UntypedFrame {
-    type Ref<'a>
-        = FrameRef<'a>
-    where
-        Self: 'a;
-
-    fn into_raw(self) -> *const () {
-        let ptr = self.page.ptr;
-        core::mem::forget(self);
-        ptr as *const ()
-    }
-
-    unsafe fn from_raw(raw: *const ()) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            page: Frame::<UntypedMeta> {
-                ptr: raw as *mut MetaSlot,
-                _marker: PhantomData,
-            },
-        }
-    }
-
-    unsafe fn raw_as_ref<'a>(raw: *const ()) -> Self::Ref<'a> {
-        Self::Ref {
-            inner: ManuallyDrop::new(UntypedFrame::from_raw(raw)),
-            _marker: PhantomData,
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/ostd/src/mm/frame/untyped/options.rs b/ostd/src/mm/frame/untyped/options.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 966210fd8..000000000
--- a/ostd/src/mm/frame/untyped/options.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,112 +0,0 @@
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
-
-//! Options for allocating frames
-
-use super::{UntypedFrame, UntypedSegment};
-use crate::{
-    mm::{frame, frame::untyped::UntypedMeta, PAGE_SIZE},
-    prelude::*,
-    Error,
-};
-
-/// Options for allocating physical memory pages (or frames).
-///
-/// All allocated frames are safe to use in the sense that they are
-/// not _typed memory_. We define typed memory as the memory that
-/// may store Rust objects or affect Rust memory safety, e.g.,
-/// the code and data segments of the OS kernel, the stack and heap
-/// allocated for the OS kernel.
-pub struct FrameAllocOptions {
-    nframes: usize,
-    is_contiguous: bool,
-    uninit: bool,
-}
-
-impl FrameAllocOptions {
-    /// Creates new options for allocating the specified number of frames.
-    pub fn new(nframes: usize) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            nframes,
-            is_contiguous: false,
-            uninit: false,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Sets whether the allocated frames should be contiguous.
-    ///
-    /// The default value is `false`.
-    pub fn is_contiguous(&mut self, is_contiguous: bool) -> &mut Self {
-        self.is_contiguous = is_contiguous;
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// Sets whether the allocated frames should be uninitialized.
-    ///
-    /// If `uninit` is set as `false`, the frame will be zeroed once allocated.
-    /// If `uninit` is set as `true`, the frame will **NOT** be zeroed and should *NOT* be read before writing.
-    ///
-    /// The default value is false.
-    pub fn uninit(&mut self, uninit: bool) -> &mut Self {
-        self.uninit = uninit;
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// Allocates a single page frame according to the given options.
-    pub fn alloc_single(&self) -> Result<UntypedFrame> {
-        if self.nframes != 1 {
-            return Err(Error::InvalidArgs);
-        }
-
-        let page = frame::allocator::alloc_single(UntypedMeta::default()).ok_or(Error::NoMemory)?;
-        let frame = UntypedFrame { page };
-        if !self.uninit {
-            frame.writer().fill(0);
-        }
-
-        Ok(frame)
-    }
-
-    /// Allocates a contiguous range of page frames according to the given options.
-    ///
-    /// The returned [`UntypedSegment`] contains at least one page frame.
-    pub fn alloc_contiguous(&self) -> Result<UntypedSegment> {
-        // It's no use to checking `self.is_contiguous` here.
-        if self.nframes == 0 {
-            return Err(Error::InvalidArgs);
-        }
-
-        let segment: UntypedSegment =
-            frame::allocator::alloc_contiguous(self.nframes * PAGE_SIZE, |_| {
-                UntypedMeta::default()
-            })
-            .ok_or(Error::NoMemory)?
-            .into();
-        if !self.uninit {
-            segment.writer().fill(0);
-        }
-
-        Ok(segment)
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(ktest)]
-#[ktest]
-fn test_alloc_dealloc() {
-    // Here we allocate and deallocate frames in random orders to test the allocator.
-    // We expect the test to fail if the underlying implementation panics.
-    let single_options = FrameAllocOptions::new(1);
-    let mut contiguous_options = FrameAllocOptions::new(10);
-    contiguous_options.is_contiguous(true);
-    let mut remember_vec = Vec::new();
-    for _ in 0..10 {
-        for i in 0..10 {
-            let single_frame = single_options.alloc_single().unwrap();
-            if i % 3 == 0 {
-                remember_vec.push(single_frame);
-            }
-        }
-        let contiguous_segment = contiguous_options.alloc_contiguous().unwrap();
-        drop(contiguous_segment);
-        remember_vec.pop();
-    }
-}
diff --git a/ostd/src/mm/frame/untyped/segment.rs b/ostd/src/mm/frame/untyped/segment.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 977f5035a..000000000
--- a/ostd/src/mm/frame/untyped/segment.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,177 +0,0 @@
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
-
-//! A contiguous segment of untyped memory pages.
-
-use core::ops::Range;
-
-use crate::{
-    mm::{
-        frame::{untyped::UntypedMeta, Segment},
-        io::{FallibleVmRead, FallibleVmWrite},
-        HasPaddr, Infallible, Paddr, UntypedFrame, VmIo, VmReader, VmWriter,
-    },
-    Error, Result,
-};
-
-/// A contiguous segment of untyped memory pages.
-///
-/// A [`UntypedSegment`] object is a handle to a contiguous range of untyped memory
-/// pages, and the underlying pages can be shared among multiple threads.
-/// [`UntypedSegment::slice`] can be used to clone a slice of the segment (also can be
-/// used to clone the entire range). Reference counts are maintained for each
-/// page in the segment. So cloning the handle may not be cheap as it
-/// increments the reference count of all the cloned pages.
-///
-/// Other [`UntypedFrame`] handles can also refer to the pages in the segment. And
-/// the segment can be iterated over to get all the frames in it.
-///
-/// To allocate a segment, use [`crate::mm::FrameAllocator`].
-///
-/// # Example
-///
-/// ```rust
-/// let vm_segment = FrameAllocOptions::new(2)
-///     .is_contiguous(true)
-///     .alloc_contiguous()?;
-/// vm_segment.write_bytes(0, buf)?;
-/// ```
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct UntypedSegment {
-    pages: Segment<UntypedMeta>,
-}
-
-impl HasPaddr for UntypedSegment {
-    fn paddr(&self) -> Paddr {
-        self.pages.start_paddr()
-    }
-}
-
-impl Clone for UntypedSegment {
-    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            pages: self.pages.clone(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl UntypedSegment {
-    /// Returns the start physical address.
-    pub fn start_paddr(&self) -> Paddr {
-        self.pages.start_paddr()
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the end physical address.
-    pub fn end_paddr(&self) -> Paddr {
-        self.pages.end_paddr()
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the number of bytes in it.
-    pub fn nbytes(&self) -> usize {
-        self.pages.nbytes()
-    }
-
-    /// Split the segment into two at the given byte offset from the start.
-    ///
-    /// The resulting segments cannot be empty. So the byte offset cannot be
-    /// neither zero nor the length of the segment.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// The function panics if the byte offset is out of bounds, at either ends, or
-    /// not base-page-aligned.
-    pub fn split(self, offset: usize) -> (Self, Self) {
-        let (left, right) = self.pages.split(offset);
-        (Self { pages: left }, Self { pages: right })
-    }
-
-    /// Get an extra handle to the segment in the byte range.
-    ///
-    /// The sliced byte range in indexed by the offset from the start of the
-    /// segment. The resulting segment holds extra reference counts.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// The function panics if the byte range is out of bounds, or if any of
-    /// the ends of the byte range is not base-page aligned.
-    pub fn slice(&self, range: &Range<usize>) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            pages: self.pages.slice(range),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Gets a [`VmReader`] to read from the segment from the beginning to the end.
-    pub fn reader(&self) -> VmReader<'_, Infallible> {
-        let ptr = super::paddr_to_vaddr(self.start_paddr()) as *const u8;
-        // SAFETY:
-        // - The memory range points to untyped memory.
-        // - The segment is alive during the lifetime `'a`.
-        // - Using `VmReader` and `VmWriter` is the only way to access the segment.
-        unsafe { VmReader::from_kernel_space(ptr, self.nbytes()) }
-    }
-
-    /// Gets a [`VmWriter`] to write to the segment from the beginning to the end.
-    pub fn writer(&self) -> VmWriter<'_, Infallible> {
-        let ptr = super::paddr_to_vaddr(self.start_paddr()) as *mut u8;
-        // SAFETY:
-        // - The memory range points to untyped memory.
-        // - The segment is alive during the lifetime `'a`.
-        // - Using `VmReader` and `VmWriter` is the only way to access the segment.
-        unsafe { VmWriter::from_kernel_space(ptr, self.nbytes()) }
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<UntypedFrame> for UntypedSegment {
-    fn from(frame: UntypedFrame) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            pages: Segment::from(frame.page),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<Segment<UntypedMeta>> for UntypedSegment {
-    fn from(pages: Segment<UntypedMeta>) -> Self {
-        Self { pages }
-    }
-}
-
-impl VmIo for UntypedSegment {
-    fn read(&self, offset: usize, writer: &mut VmWriter) -> Result<()> {
-        let read_len = writer.avail();
-        // Do bound check with potential integer overflow in mind
-        let max_offset = offset.checked_add(read_len).ok_or(Error::Overflow)?;
-        if max_offset > self.nbytes() {
-            return Err(Error::InvalidArgs);
-        }
-        let len = self
-            .reader()
-            .skip(offset)
-            .read_fallible(writer)
-            .map_err(|(e, _)| e)?;
-        debug_assert!(len == read_len);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn write(&self, offset: usize, reader: &mut VmReader) -> Result<()> {
-        let write_len = reader.remain();
-        // Do bound check with potential integer overflow in mind
-        let max_offset = offset.checked_add(reader.remain()).ok_or(Error::Overflow)?;
-        if max_offset > self.nbytes() {
-            return Err(Error::InvalidArgs);
-        }
-        let len = self
-            .writer()
-            .skip(offset)
-            .write_fallible(reader)
-            .map_err(|(e, _)| e)?;
-        debug_assert!(len == write_len);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-impl Iterator for UntypedSegment {
-    type Item = UntypedFrame;
-
-    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
-        self.pages.next().map(|page| UntypedFrame { page })
-    }
-}
diff --git a/ostd/src/mm/io.rs b/ostd/src/mm/io.rs
index dcd20525a..23083ddb7 100644
--- a/ostd/src/mm/io.rs
+++ b/ostd/src/mm/io.rs
@@ -7,11 +7,11 @@
 //! The core virtual memory (VM) access APIs provided by this module are [`VmReader`] and
 //! [`VmWriter`], which allow for writing to or reading from a region of memory _safely_.
 //! `VmReader` and `VmWriter` objects can be constructed from memory regions of either typed memory
-//! (e.g., `&[u8]`) or untyped memory (e.g, [`UntypedFrame`]). Behind the scene, `VmReader` and `VmWriter`
+//! (e.g., `&[u8]`) or untyped memory (e.g, [`DynUFrame`]). Behind the scene, `VmReader` and `VmWriter`
 //! must be constructed via their [`from_user_space`] and [`from_kernel_space`] methods, whose
 //! safety depends on whether the given memory regions are _valid_ or not.
 //!
-//! [`UntypedFrame`]: crate::mm::UntypedFrame
+//! [`DynUFrame`]: crate::mm::DynUFrame
 //! [`from_user_space`]: `VmReader::from_user_space`
 //! [`from_kernel_space`]: `VmReader::from_kernel_space`
 //!
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ use crate::{
 };
 
 /// A trait that enables reading/writing data from/to a VM object,
-/// e.g., [`UntypedSegment`], [`Vec<UntypedFrame>`] and [`UntypedFrame`].
+/// e.g., [`DynUSegment`], [`Vec<DynUFrame>`] and [`DynUFrame`].
 ///
 /// # Concurrency
 ///
@@ -67,8 +67,8 @@ use crate::{
 /// desire predictability or atomicity, the users should add extra mechanism
 /// for such properties.
 ///
-/// [`UntypedSegment`]: crate::mm::UntypedSegment
-/// [`UntypedFrame`]: crate::mm::UntypedFrame
+/// [`DynUSegment`]: crate::mm::DynUSegment
+/// [`DynUFrame`]: crate::mm::DynUFrame
 pub trait VmIo: Send + Sync {
     /// Reads requested data at a specified offset into a given `VmWriter`.
     ///
diff --git a/ostd/src/mm/kspace/mod.rs b/ostd/src/mm/kspace/mod.rs
index bc3e7d2a1..197e1ee66 100644
--- a/ostd/src/mm/kspace/mod.rs
+++ b/ostd/src/mm/kspace/mod.rs
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ pub fn init_kernel_page_table(meta_pages: Segment<MetaPageMeta>) {
     // Map the metadata pages.
     {
         let start_va = mapping::page_to_meta::<PagingConsts>(0);
-        let from = start_va..start_va + meta_pages.nbytes();
+        let from = start_va..start_va + meta_pages.size();
         let prop = PageProperty {
             flags: PageFlags::RW,
             cache: CachePolicy::Writeback,
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ pub fn init_kernel_page_table(meta_pages: Segment<MetaPageMeta>) {
         };
         let mut cursor = kpt.cursor_mut(&from).unwrap();
         for frame_paddr in to.step_by(PAGE_SIZE) {
-            let page = Frame::<KernelMeta>::from_unused(frame_paddr, KernelMeta::default());
+            let page = Frame::<KernelMeta>::from_unused(frame_paddr, KernelMeta);
             // SAFETY: we are doing mappings for the kernel.
             unsafe {
                 let _old = cursor.map(page.into(), prop);
@@ -249,6 +249,6 @@ pub unsafe fn activate_kernel_page_table() {
 
 /// The metadata of pages that contains the kernel itself.
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
-pub struct KernelMeta {}
+pub struct KernelMeta;
 
 impl_frame_meta_for!(KernelMeta);
diff --git a/ostd/src/mm/mod.rs b/ostd/src/mm/mod.rs
index f6a61e55f..638a6b942 100644
--- a/ostd/src/mm/mod.rs
+++ b/ostd/src/mm/mod.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,12 @@ use core::{fmt::Debug, ops::Range};
 
 pub use self::{
     dma::{Daddr, DmaCoherent, DmaDirection, DmaStream, DmaStreamSlice, HasDaddr},
-    frame::untyped::{options::FrameAllocOptions, UntypedFrame, UntypedSegment},
+    frame::{
+        allocator::FrameAllocOptions,
+        segment::{DynSegment, DynUSegment, Segment},
+        untyped::{DynUFrame, UFrameMeta, UntypedMem},
+        DynFrame, Frame,
+    },
     io::{
         Fallible, FallibleVmRead, FallibleVmWrite, Infallible, PodOnce, VmIo, VmIoOnce, VmReader,
         VmWriter,
diff --git a/ostd/src/mm/page_table/boot_pt.rs b/ostd/src/mm/page_table/boot_pt.rs
index c26cca65b..fe1710579 100644
--- a/ostd/src/mm/page_table/boot_pt.rs
+++ b/ostd/src/mm/page_table/boot_pt.rs
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ fn test_boot_pt_map_protect() {
         mm::{CachePolicy, FrameAllocOptions, PageFlags},
     };
 
-    let root_frame = FrameAllocOptions::new(1).alloc_single().unwrap();
+    let root_frame = FrameAllocOptions::new().alloc_frame().unwrap();
     let root_paddr = root_frame.start_paddr();
 
     let mut boot_pt = BootPageTable::<PageTableEntry, PagingConsts> {
diff --git a/ostd/src/mm/page_table/node/mod.rs b/ostd/src/mm/page_table/node/mod.rs
index 0209d51e9..0439c263b 100644
--- a/ostd/src/mm/page_table/node/mod.rs
+++ b/ostd/src/mm/page_table/node/mod.rs
@@ -40,8 +40,9 @@ use super::{nr_subpage_per_huge, PageTableEntryTrait};
 use crate::{
     arch::mm::{PageTableEntry, PagingConsts},
     mm::{
-        frame::{self, inc_page_ref_count, meta::FrameMeta, Frame},
-        paddr_to_vaddr, Infallible, Paddr, PagingConstsTrait, PagingLevel, VmReader, PAGE_SIZE,
+        frame::{inc_page_ref_count, meta::FrameMeta, Frame},
+        paddr_to_vaddr, FrameAllocOptions, Infallible, Paddr, PagingConstsTrait, PagingLevel,
+        VmReader,
     },
 };
 
@@ -260,13 +261,11 @@ where
     /// extra unnecessary expensive operation.
     pub(super) fn alloc(level: PagingLevel, is_tracked: MapTrackingStatus) -> Self {
         let meta = PageTablePageMeta::new_locked(level, is_tracked);
-        let page = frame::allocator::alloc_single::<PageTablePageMeta<E, C>>(meta).unwrap();
-
-        // Zero out the page table node.
-        let ptr = paddr_to_vaddr(page.paddr()) as *mut u8;
-        // SAFETY: The page is exclusively owned here. Pointers are valid also.
-        // We rely on the fact that 0 represents an absent entry to speed up `memset`.
-        unsafe { core::ptr::write_bytes(ptr, 0, PAGE_SIZE) };
+        let page = FrameAllocOptions::new()
+            .zeroed(true)
+            .alloc_frame_with(meta)
+            .expect("Failed to allocate a page table node");
+        // The allocated frame is zeroed. Make sure zero is absent PTE.
         debug_assert!(E::new_absent().as_bytes().iter().all(|&b| b == 0));
 
         Self { page }
@@ -281,7 +280,7 @@ where
 
         // SAFETY: The provided physical address is valid and the level is
         // correct. The reference count is not changed.
-        unsafe { RawPageTableNode::from_raw_parts(this.page.paddr(), this.page.meta().level) }
+        unsafe { RawPageTableNode::from_raw_parts(this.page.start_paddr(), this.page.meta().level) }
     }
 
     /// Gets a raw handle while still preserving the original handle.
@@ -290,7 +289,7 @@ where
 
         // SAFETY: The provided physical address is valid and the level is
         // correct. The reference count is increased by one.
-        unsafe { RawPageTableNode::from_raw_parts(page.paddr(), page.meta().level) }
+        unsafe { RawPageTableNode::from_raw_parts(page.start_paddr(), page.meta().level) }
     }
 
     /// Gets the number of valid PTEs in the node.
@@ -310,7 +309,7 @@ where
     /// The caller must ensure that the index is within the bound.
     unsafe fn read_pte(&self, idx: usize) -> E {
         debug_assert!(idx < nr_subpage_per_huge::<C>());
-        let ptr = paddr_to_vaddr(self.page.paddr()) as *const E;
+        let ptr = paddr_to_vaddr(self.page.start_paddr()) as *const E;
         // SAFETY: The index is within the bound and the PTE is plain-old-data.
         unsafe { ptr.add(idx).read() }
     }
@@ -330,7 +329,7 @@ where
     ///     (see [`Child::is_compatible`]).
     unsafe fn write_pte(&mut self, idx: usize, pte: E) {
         debug_assert!(idx < nr_subpage_per_huge::<C>());
-        let ptr = paddr_to_vaddr(self.page.paddr()) as *mut E;
+        let ptr = paddr_to_vaddr(self.page.start_paddr()) as *mut E;
         // SAFETY: The index is within the bound and the PTE is plain-old-data.
         unsafe { ptr.add(idx).write(pte) }
     }
diff --git a/ostd/src/mm/page_table/test.rs b/ostd/src/mm/page_table/test.rs
index ecf2ae0c7..06283e6b5 100644
--- a/ostd/src/mm/page_table/test.rs
+++ b/ostd/src/mm/page_table/test.rs
@@ -5,10 +5,9 @@ use core::mem::ManuallyDrop;
 use super::*;
 use crate::{
     mm::{
-        frame::{allocator, untyped::UntypedMeta},
         kspace::LINEAR_MAPPING_BASE_VADDR,
         page_prop::{CachePolicy, PageFlags},
-        MAX_USERSPACE_VADDR,
+        FrameAllocOptions, MAX_USERSPACE_VADDR,
     },
     prelude::*,
 };
@@ -31,8 +30,8 @@ fn test_tracked_map_unmap() {
     let pt = PageTable::<UserMode>::empty();
 
     let from = PAGE_SIZE..PAGE_SIZE * 2;
-    let page = allocator::alloc_single(UntypedMeta::default()).unwrap();
-    let start_paddr = page.paddr();
+    let page = FrameAllocOptions::new().alloc_frame().unwrap();
+    let start_paddr = page.start_paddr();
     let prop = PageProperty::new(PageFlags::RW, CachePolicy::Writeback);
     unsafe { pt.cursor_mut(&from).unwrap().map(page.into(), prop) };
     assert_eq!(pt.query(from.start + 10).unwrap().0, start_paddr + 10);
@@ -87,8 +86,8 @@ fn test_user_copy_on_write() {
 
     let pt = PageTable::<UserMode>::empty();
     let from = PAGE_SIZE..PAGE_SIZE * 2;
-    let page = allocator::alloc_single(UntypedMeta::default()).unwrap();
-    let start_paddr = page.paddr();
+    let page = FrameAllocOptions::new().alloc_frame().unwrap();
+    let start_paddr = page.start_paddr();
     let prop = PageProperty::new(PageFlags::RW, CachePolicy::Writeback);
     unsafe { pt.cursor_mut(&from).unwrap().map(page.clone().into(), prop) };
     assert_eq!(pt.query(from.start + 10).unwrap().0, start_paddr + 10);
@@ -172,7 +171,7 @@ fn test_base_protect_query() {
 
     let from_ppn = 1..1000;
     let from = PAGE_SIZE * from_ppn.start..PAGE_SIZE * from_ppn.end;
-    let to = allocator::alloc_contiguous(999 * PAGE_SIZE, |_| UntypedMeta::default()).unwrap();
+    let to = FrameAllocOptions::new().alloc_segment(999).unwrap();
     let prop = PageProperty::new(PageFlags::RW, CachePolicy::Writeback);
     unsafe {
         let mut cursor = pt.cursor_mut(&from).unwrap();
diff --git a/ostd/src/mm/vm_space.rs b/ostd/src/mm/vm_space.rs
index 1c330fbfe..e14c901e2 100644
--- a/ostd/src/mm/vm_space.rs
+++ b/ostd/src/mm/vm_space.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ use crate::{
         kspace::KERNEL_PAGE_TABLE,
         page_table::{self, PageTable, PageTableItem, UserMode},
         tlb::{TlbFlushOp, TlbFlusher, FLUSH_ALL_RANGE_THRESHOLD},
-        PageProperty, UntypedFrame, VmReader, VmWriter, MAX_USERSPACE_VADDR,
+        DynUFrame, PageProperty, VmReader, VmWriter, MAX_USERSPACE_VADDR,
     },
     prelude::*,
     sync::{PreemptDisabled, RwLock, RwLockReadGuard},
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ use crate::{
 ///
 /// A newly-created `VmSpace` is not backed by any physical memory pages. To
 /// provide memory pages for a `VmSpace`, one can allocate and map physical
-/// memory ([`UntypedFrame`]s) to the `VmSpace` using the cursor.
+/// memory ([`DynUFrame`]s) to the `VmSpace` using the cursor.
 ///
 /// A `VmSpace` can also attach a page fault handler, which will be invoked to
 /// handle page faults generated from user space.
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ impl CursorMut<'_, '_> {
     /// Map a frame into the current slot.
     ///
     /// This method will bring the cursor to the next slot after the modification.
-    pub fn map(&mut self, frame: UntypedFrame, prop: PageProperty) {
+    pub fn map(&mut self, frame: DynUFrame, prop: PageProperty) {
         let start_va = self.virt_addr();
         // SAFETY: It is safe to map untyped memory into the userspace.
         let old = unsafe { self.pt_cursor.map(frame.into(), prop) };
@@ -475,7 +475,7 @@ pub enum VmItem {
         /// The virtual address of the slot.
         va: Vaddr,
         /// The mapped frame.
-        frame: UntypedFrame,
+        frame: DynUFrame,
         /// The property of the slot.
         prop: PageProperty,
     },
diff --git a/ostd/src/prelude.rs b/ostd/src/prelude.rs
index b11fe5ad1..443296493 100644
--- a/ostd/src/prelude.rs
+++ b/ostd/src/prelude.rs
@@ -14,6 +14,6 @@ pub use ostd_macros::ktest;
 
 pub use crate::{
     early_print as print, early_println as println,
-    mm::{Paddr, Vaddr},
+    mm::{Paddr, UntypedMem, Vaddr},
     panic::abort,
 };
diff --git a/ostd/src/task/kernel_stack.rs b/ostd/src/task/kernel_stack.rs
index b25f2adb8..c89497d22 100644
--- a/ostd/src/task/kernel_stack.rs
+++ b/ostd/src/task/kernel_stack.rs
@@ -3,10 +3,9 @@
 use crate::{
     impl_frame_meta_for,
     mm::{
-        frame::allocator,
         kspace::kvirt_area::{KVirtArea, Tracked},
         page_prop::{CachePolicy, PageFlags, PageProperty, PrivilegedPageFlags},
-        PAGE_SIZE,
+        FrameAllocOptions, PAGE_SIZE,
     },
     prelude::*,
 };
@@ -36,7 +35,7 @@ pub struct KernelStack {
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
-struct KernelStackMeta {}
+struct KernelStackMeta;
 
 impl_frame_meta_for!(KernelStackMeta);
 
@@ -47,8 +46,9 @@ impl KernelStack {
         let mut new_kvirt_area = KVirtArea::<Tracked>::new(KERNEL_STACK_SIZE + 4 * PAGE_SIZE);
         let mapped_start = new_kvirt_area.range().start + 2 * PAGE_SIZE;
         let mapped_end = mapped_start + KERNEL_STACK_SIZE;
-        let pages =
-            allocator::alloc_contiguous(KERNEL_STACK_SIZE, |_| KernelStackMeta::default()).unwrap();
+        let pages = FrameAllocOptions::new()
+            .zeroed(false)
+            .alloc_segment_with(KERNEL_STACK_SIZE / PAGE_SIZE, |_| KernelStackMeta)?;
         let prop = PageProperty {
             flags: PageFlags::RW,
             cache: CachePolicy::Writeback,