Let page table own frames and remove MemorySet

framework/aster-frame/src/arch/x86/iommu/second_stage.rs

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ use crate::vm::{
 
 /// The page table used by iommu maps the device address
 /// space to the physical address space.
-#[derive(Clone)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub(super) struct DeviceMode {}
 
 impl PageTableMode for DeviceMode {

framework/aster-frame/src/arch/x86/tdx_guest.rs

@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ pub unsafe fn unprotect_gpa_range(gpa: TdxGpa, page_num: usize) -> Result<(), Pa
         warn!("Misaligned address: {:x}", gpa);
     }
     let vaddr = paddr_to_vaddr(gpa);
-    let mut pt = KERNEL_PAGE_TABLE.get().unwrap().lock();
+    let pt = KERNEL_PAGE_TABLE.get().unwrap();
     unsafe {
         pt.protect_unchecked(&(vaddr..page_num * PAGE_SIZE), |info| MapProperty {
             perm: info.prop.perm,
@@ -451,7 +451,7 @@ pub unsafe fn protect_gpa_range(gpa: TdxGpa, page_num: usize) -> Result<(), Page
         warn!("Misaligned address: {:x}", gpa);
     }
     let vaddr = paddr_to_vaddr(gpa);
-    let mut pt = KERNEL_PAGE_TABLE.get().unwrap().lock();
+    let pt = KERNEL_PAGE_TABLE.get().unwrap();
     unsafe {
         pt.protect_unchecked(&(vaddr..page_num * PAGE_SIZE), |info| MapProperty {
             perm: info.prop.perm,

framework/aster-frame/src/error.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
 
+use crate::vm::page_table::PageTableError;
+
 /// The error type which is returned from the APIs of this crate.
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
 pub enum Error {
@@ -10,4 +12,11 @@ pub enum Error {
     IoError,
     NotEnoughResources,
     Overflow,
+    MapAlreadyMappedVaddr,
+}
+
+impl From<PageTableError> for Error {
+    fn from(_err: PageTableError) -> Error {
+        Error::AccessDenied
+    }
 }

framework/aster-frame/src/lib.rs

@@ -79,7 +79,6 @@ pub fn init() {
         vm::kspace::KERNEL_PAGE_TABLE
             .get()
             .unwrap()
-            .lock()
             .activate_unchecked();
     }
     invoke_ffi_init_funcs();

framework/aster-frame/src/task/task.rs

@@ -64,19 +64,17 @@ impl KernelStack {
         let stack_segment =
             VmAllocOptions::new(KERNEL_STACK_SIZE / PAGE_SIZE + 1).alloc_contiguous()?;
         // FIXME: modifying the the linear mapping is bad.
-        let mut page_table = KERNEL_PAGE_TABLE.get().unwrap().lock();
+        let page_table = KERNEL_PAGE_TABLE.get().unwrap();
         let guard_page_vaddr = {
             let guard_page_paddr = stack_segment.start_paddr();
             crate::vm::paddr_to_vaddr(guard_page_paddr)
         };
         // Safety: the physical guard page address is exclusively used since we allocated it.
         unsafe {
-            page_table
+            page_table.protect_unchecked(
-                .protect_unchecked(
+                &(guard_page_vaddr..guard_page_vaddr + PAGE_SIZE),
-                    &(guard_page_vaddr..guard_page_vaddr + PAGE_SIZE),
+                perm_op(|p| p - VmPerm::RW),
-                    perm_op(|p| p - VmPerm::RW),
+            );
-                )
-                .unwrap();
         }
         Ok(Self {
             segment: stack_segment,
@@ -93,19 +91,17 @@ impl Drop for KernelStack {
     fn drop(&mut self) {
         if self.has_guard_page {
             // FIXME: modifying the the linear mapping is bad.
-            let mut page_table = KERNEL_PAGE_TABLE.get().unwrap().lock();
+            let page_table = KERNEL_PAGE_TABLE.get().unwrap();
             let guard_page_vaddr = {
                 let guard_page_paddr = self.segment.start_paddr();
                 crate::vm::paddr_to_vaddr(guard_page_paddr)
             };
             // Safety: the physical guard page address is exclusively used since we allocated it.
             unsafe {
-                page_table
+                page_table.protect_unchecked(
-                    .protect_unchecked(
+                    &(guard_page_vaddr..guard_page_vaddr + PAGE_SIZE),
-                        &(guard_page_vaddr..guard_page_vaddr + PAGE_SIZE),
+                    perm_op(|p| p | VmPerm::RW),
-                        perm_op(|p| p | VmPerm::RW),
+                );
-                    )
-                    .unwrap();
             }
         }
     }

framework/aster-frame/src/trap/handler.rs

@@ -214,10 +214,9 @@ fn handle_kernel_page_fault(f: &TrapFrame) {
     );
 
     // Do the mapping
-    let mut page_table = KERNEL_PAGE_TABLE
+    let page_table = KERNEL_PAGE_TABLE
         .get()
-        .expect("The kernel page table is not initialized when kernel page fault happens")
+        .expect("The kernel page table is not initialized when kernel page fault happens");
-        .lock();
     let vaddr = (page_fault_vaddr as usize).align_down(PAGE_SIZE);
     let paddr = vaddr - LINEAR_MAPPING_BASE_VADDR;
 

framework/aster-frame/src/user.rs

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use crate::{cpu::UserContext, prelude::*, task::Task, vm::VmSpace};
 /// user mode.
 pub struct UserSpace {
     /// vm space
-    vm_space: VmSpace,
+    vm_space: Arc<VmSpace>,
     /// cpu context before entering user space
     init_ctx: UserContext,
 }
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ impl UserSpace {
     ///
     /// Each instance maintains a VM address space and the CPU state to enable
     /// execution in the user space.
-    pub fn new(vm_space: VmSpace, init_ctx: UserContext) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(vm_space: Arc<VmSpace>, init_ctx: UserContext) -> Self {
         Self { vm_space, init_ctx }
     }
 

framework/aster-frame/src/vm/dma/dma_coherent.rs

@@ -56,14 +56,12 @@ impl DmaCoherent {
         // Ensure that the addresses used later will not overflow
         start_paddr.checked_add(frame_count * PAGE_SIZE).unwrap();
         if !is_cache_coherent {
-            let mut page_table = KERNEL_PAGE_TABLE.get().unwrap().lock();
+            let page_table = KERNEL_PAGE_TABLE.get().unwrap();
             let vaddr = paddr_to_vaddr(start_paddr);
             let va_range = vaddr..vaddr + (frame_count * PAGE_SIZE);
             // Safety: the address is in the range of `vm_segment`.
             unsafe {
-                page_table
+                page_table.protect_unchecked(&va_range, cache_policy_op(CachePolicy::Uncacheable));
-                    .protect_unchecked(&va_range, cache_policy_op(CachePolicy::Uncacheable))
-                    .unwrap();
             }
         }
         let start_daddr = match dma_type() {
@@ -143,14 +141,12 @@ impl Drop for DmaCoherentInner {
             }
         }
         if !self.is_cache_coherent {
-            let mut page_table = KERNEL_PAGE_TABLE.get().unwrap().lock();
+            let page_table = KERNEL_PAGE_TABLE.get().unwrap();
             let vaddr = paddr_to_vaddr(start_paddr);
             let va_range = vaddr..vaddr + (frame_count * PAGE_SIZE);
             // Safety: the address is in the range of `vm_segment`.
             unsafe {
-                page_table
+                page_table.protect_unchecked(&va_range, cache_policy_op(CachePolicy::Writeback));
-                    .protect_unchecked(&va_range, cache_policy_op(CachePolicy::Writeback))
-                    .unwrap();
             }
         }
         remove_dma_mapping(start_paddr, frame_count);
@@ -210,19 +206,9 @@ mod test {
             .unwrap();
         let dma_coherent = DmaCoherent::map(vm_segment.clone(), false).unwrap();
         assert!(dma_coherent.paddr() == vm_segment.paddr());
-        let page_table = KERNEL_PAGE_TABLE.get().unwrap().lock();
+        let page_table = KERNEL_PAGE_TABLE.get().unwrap();
         let vaddr = paddr_to_vaddr(vm_segment.paddr());
-        assert!(
+        assert!(page_table.query(vaddr).unwrap().1.prop.cache == CachePolicy::Uncacheable);
-            page_table
-                .query(&(vaddr..vaddr + PAGE_SIZE))
-                .unwrap()
-                .next()
-                .unwrap()
-                .info
-                .prop
-                .cache
-                == CachePolicy::Uncacheable
-        );
     }
 
     #[ktest]

framework/aster-frame/src/vm/kspace.rs

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ use spin::Once;
 use super::page_table::PageTableConstsTrait;
 use crate::{
     arch::mm::{PageTableConsts, PageTableEntry},
-    sync::SpinLock,
     vm::{
         page_table::{page_walk, CachePolicy, KernelMode, MapProperty, PageTable},
         space::VmPerm,
@@ -36,7 +35,7 @@ pub fn vaddr_to_paddr(va: Vaddr) -> Option<Paddr> {
     } else {
         let root_paddr = crate::arch::mm::current_page_table_paddr();
         // Safety: the root page table is valid since we read it from the register.
-        unsafe { page_walk::<PageTableEntry, PageTableConsts>(root_paddr, va) }
+        unsafe { page_walk::<PageTableEntry, PageTableConsts>(root_paddr, va).map(|(pa, _)| pa) }
     }
 }
 
@@ -45,9 +44,8 @@ pub(crate) fn paddr_to_vaddr(pa: Paddr) -> usize {
     pa + LINEAR_MAPPING_BASE_VADDR
 }
 
-pub static KERNEL_PAGE_TABLE: Once<
+pub static KERNEL_PAGE_TABLE: Once<PageTable<KernelMode, PageTableEntry, PageTableConsts>> =
-    SpinLock<PageTable<KernelMode, PageTableEntry, PageTableConsts>>,
+    Once::new();
-> = Once::new();
 
 /// Initialize the kernel page table.
 ///
@@ -58,7 +56,7 @@ pub static KERNEL_PAGE_TABLE: Once<
 /// This function should be called before:
 ///  - any initializer that modifies the kernel page table.
 pub fn init_kernel_page_table() {
-    let mut kpt = PageTable::<KernelMode>::empty();
+    let kpt = PageTable::<KernelMode>::empty();
     kpt.make_shared_tables(
         PageTableConsts::NR_ENTRIES_PER_FRAME / 2..PageTableConsts::NR_ENTRIES_PER_FRAME,
     );
@@ -118,5 +116,5 @@ pub fn init_kernel_page_table() {
     unsafe {
         kpt.map_unchecked(&from, &to, prop);
     }
-    KERNEL_PAGE_TABLE.call_once(|| SpinLock::new(kpt));
+    KERNEL_PAGE_TABLE.call_once(|| kpt);
 }

framework/aster-frame/src/vm/memory_set.rs

@@ -1,282 +0,0 @@
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
-
-use alloc::collections::{btree_map::Entry, BTreeMap};
-use core::fmt;
-
-use align_ext::AlignExt;
-
-use super::{
-    kspace::KERNEL_PAGE_TABLE,
-    page_table::{MapInfo, MapOp, MapProperty, PageTable, UserMode},
-};
-use crate::{
-    prelude::*,
-    vm::{
-        is_page_aligned, page_table::MapStatus, VmAllocOptions, VmFrame, VmFrameVec, VmPerm,
-        VmReader, VmWriter, PAGE_SIZE,
-    },
-    Error,
-};
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct MapArea {
-    pub info: MapInfo,
-    pub start_va: Vaddr,
-    pub size: usize,
-    pub mapper: BTreeMap<Vaddr, VmFrame>,
-}
-
-pub struct MemorySet {
-    pub pt: PageTable<UserMode>,
-    /// all the map area, sort by the start virtual address
-    areas: BTreeMap<Vaddr, MapArea>,
-}
-
-impl MapArea {
-    pub fn mapped_size(&self) -> usize {
-        self.size
-    }
-
-    /// This function will map the vitural address to the given physical frames
-    pub fn new(
-        start_va: Vaddr,
-        size: usize,
-        prop: MapProperty,
-        physical_frames: VmFrameVec,
-    ) -> Self {
-        assert!(
-            is_page_aligned(start_va)
-                && is_page_aligned(size)
-                && physical_frames.len() == (size / PAGE_SIZE)
-        );
-
-        let mut map_area = Self {
-            info: MapInfo {
-                prop,
-                status: MapStatus::empty(),
-            },
-            start_va,
-            size,
-            mapper: BTreeMap::new(),
-        };
-        let mut current_va = start_va;
-        let page_size = size / PAGE_SIZE;
-        let mut phy_frame_iter = physical_frames.iter();
-
-        for _ in 0..page_size {
-            let vm_frame = phy_frame_iter.next().unwrap();
-            map_area.map_with_physical_address(current_va, vm_frame.clone());
-            current_va += PAGE_SIZE;
-        }
-
-        map_area
-    }
-
-    pub fn map_with_physical_address(&mut self, va: Vaddr, pa: VmFrame) -> Paddr {
-        assert!(is_page_aligned(va));
-
-        match self.mapper.entry(va) {
-            Entry::Occupied(e) => panic!("already mapped a input physical address"),
-            Entry::Vacant(e) => e.insert(pa).start_paddr(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn map(&mut self, va: Vaddr) -> Paddr {
-        assert!(is_page_aligned(va));
-
-        match self.mapper.entry(va) {
-            Entry::Occupied(e) => e.get().start_paddr(),
-            Entry::Vacant(e) => e
-                .insert(VmAllocOptions::new(1).alloc_single().unwrap())
-                .start_paddr(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn unmap(&mut self, va: Vaddr) -> Option<VmFrame> {
-        self.mapper.remove(&va)
-    }
-
-    pub fn write_data(&mut self, addr: usize, data: &[u8]) {
-        let mut current_start_address = addr;
-        let mut buf_reader: VmReader = data.into();
-        for (va, pa) in self.mapper.iter() {
-            if current_start_address >= *va && current_start_address < va + PAGE_SIZE {
-                let offset = current_start_address - va;
-                let _ = pa.writer().skip(offset).write(&mut buf_reader);
-                if !buf_reader.has_remain() {
-                    return;
-                }
-                current_start_address = va + PAGE_SIZE;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn read_data(&self, addr: usize, data: &mut [u8]) {
-        let mut start = addr;
-        let mut buf_writer: VmWriter = data.into();
-        for (va, pa) in self.mapper.iter() {
-            if start >= *va && start < va + PAGE_SIZE {
-                let offset = start - va;
-                let _ = pa.reader().skip(offset).read(&mut buf_writer);
-                if !buf_writer.has_avail() {
-                    return;
-                }
-                start = va + PAGE_SIZE;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Default for MemorySet {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::new()
-    }
-}
-
-impl MemorySet {
-    pub fn map(&mut self, area: MapArea) {
-        if area.size > 0 {
-            // TODO: check overlap
-            if let Entry::Vacant(e) = self.areas.entry(area.start_va) {
-                let area = e.insert(area);
-                for (va, frame) in area.mapper.iter() {
-                    self.pt.map_frame(*va, frame, area.info.prop).unwrap();
-                }
-            } else {
-                panic!(
-                    "MemorySet::map: MapArea starts from {:#x?} is existed!",
-                    area.start_va
-                );
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Determine whether a Vaddr is in a mapped area
-    pub fn is_mapped(&self, vaddr: Vaddr) -> bool {
-        let vaddr = vaddr.align_down(PAGE_SIZE);
-        self.pt
-            .query(&(vaddr..vaddr + PAGE_SIZE))
-            .map(|mut i| i.next().is_some())
-            .unwrap_or(false)
-    }
-
-    /// Return the information of the PTE for the target virtual memory address.
-    pub fn info(&self, vaddr: Vaddr) -> Option<MapInfo> {
-        let vaddr = vaddr.align_down(PAGE_SIZE);
-        self.pt
-            .query(&(vaddr..vaddr + PAGE_SIZE))
-            .map(|mut i| i.next().unwrap().info)
-            .ok()
-    }
-
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
-        let page_table = KERNEL_PAGE_TABLE.get().unwrap().lock().fork();
-        Self {
-            pt: page_table,
-            areas: BTreeMap::new(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn unmap(&mut self, va: Vaddr) -> Result<()> {
-        if let Some(area) = self.areas.remove(&va) {
-            for (va, _) in area.mapper.iter() {
-                self.pt.unmap(&(*va..*va + PAGE_SIZE)).unwrap();
-            }
-            Ok(())
-        } else {
-            Err(Error::PageFault)
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn clear(&mut self) {
-        for area in self.areas.values_mut() {
-            for (va, _) in area.mapper.iter() {
-                self.pt.unmap(&(*va..*va + PAGE_SIZE)).unwrap();
-            }
-        }
-        self.areas.clear();
-    }
-
-    pub fn write_bytes(&mut self, addr: usize, data: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
-        let mut current_addr = addr;
-        let mut remain = data.len();
-        let start_write = false;
-        let mut offset = 0usize;
-        for (va, area) in self.areas.iter_mut() {
-            if current_addr >= *va && current_addr < area.size + va {
-                if !area.info.prop.perm.contains(VmPerm::W) {
-                    return Err(Error::PageFault);
-                }
-                let write_len = remain.min(area.size + va - current_addr);
-                area.write_data(current_addr, &data[offset..(offset + write_len)]);
-                offset += write_len;
-                remain -= write_len;
-                // remain -= (va.0 + area.size - current_addr).min(remain);
-                if remain == 0 {
-                    return Ok(());
-                }
-                current_addr = va + area.size;
-            } else if start_write {
-                return Err(Error::PageFault);
-            }
-        }
-        Err(Error::PageFault)
-    }
-
-    pub fn read_bytes(&self, addr: usize, data: &mut [u8]) -> Result<()> {
-        let mut current_addr = addr;
-        let mut remain = data.len();
-        let mut offset = 0usize;
-        let start_read = false;
-        for (va, area) in self.areas.iter() {
-            if current_addr >= *va && current_addr < area.size + va {
-                let read_len = remain.min(area.size + va - current_addr);
-                area.read_data(current_addr, &mut data[offset..(offset + read_len)]);
-                remain -= read_len;
-                offset += read_len;
-                // remain -= (va.0 + area.size - current_addr).min(remain);
-                if remain == 0 {
-                    return Ok(());
-                }
-                current_addr = va + area.size;
-            } else if start_read {
-                return Err(Error::PageFault);
-            }
-        }
-        Err(Error::PageFault)
-    }
-
-    pub fn protect(&mut self, addr: Vaddr, op: impl MapOp) {
-        let va = addr..addr + PAGE_SIZE;
-        // Temporary solution, since the `MapArea` currently only represents
-        // a single `VmFrame`.
-        if let Some(areas) = self.areas.get_mut(&addr) {
-            areas.info.prop = op(areas.info);
-        }
-        self.pt.protect(&va, op).unwrap();
-    }
-}
-
-impl Clone for MemorySet {
-    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
-        let mut ms = Self::new();
-        for area in self.areas.values() {
-            ms.map(area.clone());
-        }
-        ms
-    }
-}
-impl Drop for MemorySet {
-    fn drop(&mut self) {
-        self.clear();
-    }
-}
-
-impl fmt::Debug for MemorySet {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        f.debug_struct("MemorySet")
-            .field("areas", &self.areas)
-            .field("page_table_root", &self.pt.root_paddr())
-            .finish()
-    }
-}

framework/aster-frame/src/vm/mod.rs

@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ mod frame_allocator;
 pub(crate) mod heap_allocator;
 mod io;
 pub(crate) mod kspace;
-mod memory_set;
 mod offset;
 mod options;
 pub(crate) mod page_table;
@@ -25,17 +24,15 @@ use core::ops::Range;
 
 use spin::Once;
 
-pub(crate) use self::kspace::paddr_to_vaddr;
 pub use self::{
     dma::{Daddr, DmaCoherent, DmaDirection, DmaStream, DmaStreamSlice, HasDaddr},
     frame::{VmFrame, VmFrameVec, VmFrameVecIter, VmReader, VmSegment, VmWriter},
     io::VmIo,
     kspace::vaddr_to_paddr,
-    memory_set::{MapArea, MemorySet},
     options::VmAllocOptions,
-    page_table::PageTable,
     space::{VmMapOptions, VmPerm, VmSpace},
 };
+pub(crate) use self::{kspace::paddr_to_vaddr, page_table::PageTable};
 use crate::boot::memory_region::{MemoryRegion, MemoryRegionType};
 
 pub const PAGE_SIZE: usize = 0x1000;

framework/aster-frame/src/vm/page_table/cursor.rs

@@ -1,22 +1,32 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
 
-use alloc::{boxed::Box, sync::Arc};
+use alloc::sync::Arc;
-use core::{any::TypeId, marker::PhantomData, mem::size_of, ops::Range};
+use core::{any::TypeId, mem::size_of, ops::Range};
 
 use super::{
-    KernelMode, MapInfo, MapOp, MapProperty, PageTable, PageTableConstsTrait, PageTableEntryTrait,
+    Child, KernelMode, MapInfo, MapOp, MapProperty, PageTable, PageTableConstsTrait,
-    PageTableError, PageTableFrame, PageTableMode, PtfRef,
+    PageTableEntryTrait, PageTableError, PageTableFrame, PageTableMode, PtfRef,
 };
 use crate::{
-    sync::SpinLock,
+    sync::{ArcSpinLockGuard, SpinLock},
-    vm::{paddr_to_vaddr, Paddr, Vaddr},
+    vm::{paddr_to_vaddr, Paddr, Vaddr, VmFrame},
 };
 
 /// The cursor for forward traversal over the page table.
 ///
+/// Each method may move the cursor forward, doing mapping unmaping, or
+/// querying this slot.
+///
 /// Doing mapping is somewhat like a depth-first search on a tree, except
 /// that we modify the tree while traversing it. We use a stack to simulate
 /// the recursion.
+///
+/// Any read or write accesses to nodes require exclusive access on the
+/// entire path from the root to the node. But cursor can be created without
+/// holding the lock, and can release the lock after yeilding the current
+/// slot while querying over the page table with a range. Simultaneous
+/// reading or writing to the same range in the page table will not produce
+/// consistent results, only validity is guaranteed.
 pub(super) struct PageTableCursor<
     'a,
     M: PageTableMode,
@@ -27,9 +37,80 @@ pub(super) struct PageTableCursor<
     [(); C::NR_LEVELS]:,
 {
     stack: [Option<PtfRef<E, C>>; C::NR_LEVELS],
+    lock_guard: [Option<ArcSpinLockGuard<PageTableFrame<E, C>>>; C::NR_LEVELS],
     level: usize,
     va: Vaddr,
-    _phantom_ref: PhantomData<&'a PageTable<M, E, C>>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub(super) enum MapOption {
+    Map {
+        frame: VmFrame,
+        prop: MapProperty,
+    },
+    MapUntyped {
+        pa: Paddr,
+        len: usize,
+        prop: MapProperty,
+    },
+    Unmap {
+        len: usize,
+    },
+}
+
+impl MapOption {
+    fn paddr(&self) -> Option<Paddr> {
+        match self {
+            MapOption::Map { frame, prop } => Some(frame.start_paddr()),
+            MapOption::MapUntyped { pa, len, prop } => Some(*pa),
+            MapOption::Unmap { len } => None,
+        }
+    }
+    fn prop(&self) -> Option<MapProperty> {
+        match self {
+            MapOption::Map { frame, prop } => Some(*prop),
+            MapOption::MapUntyped { pa, len, prop } => Some(*prop),
+            MapOption::Unmap { len } => None,
+        }
+    }
+    fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        match self {
+            // A VmFrame currently has a fixed size of 1 base page.
+            MapOption::Map { frame, prop } => crate::arch::mm::PageTableConsts::BASE_PAGE_SIZE,
+            MapOption::MapUntyped { pa, len, prop } => *len,
+            MapOption::Unmap { len: l } => *l,
+        }
+    }
+    fn consume(&mut self, len: usize) -> Self {
+        match self {
+            MapOption::Map { frame, prop } => {
+                debug_assert_eq!(len, crate::arch::mm::PageTableConsts::BASE_PAGE_SIZE);
+                let ret = self.clone();
+                *self = MapOption::Unmap { len: 0 };
+                ret
+            }
+            MapOption::MapUntyped { pa, len: l, prop } => {
+                debug_assert!(*l >= len);
+                let ret = MapOption::MapUntyped {
+                    pa: *pa,
+                    len,
+                    prop: *prop,
+                };
+                *self = MapOption::MapUntyped {
+                    pa: *pa + len,
+                    len: *l - len,
+                    prop: *prop,
+                };
+                ret
+            }
+            MapOption::Unmap { len: l } => {
+                debug_assert!(*l >= len);
+                let ret = MapOption::Unmap { len };
+                *l -= len;
+                ret
+            }
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl<M: PageTableMode, E: PageTableEntryTrait, C: PageTableConstsTrait> PageTableCursor<'_, M, E, C>
@@ -40,11 +121,12 @@ where
     pub(super) fn new(pt: &PageTable<M, E, C>, va: Vaddr) -> Self {
         let mut stack = core::array::from_fn(|_| None);
         stack[0] = Some(pt.root_frame.clone());
+        let lock_guard = core::array::from_fn(|_| None);
         Self {
             stack,
+            lock_guard,
             level: C::NR_LEVELS,
             va,
-            _phantom_ref: PhantomData,
         }
     }
 
@@ -73,38 +155,45 @@ where
     /// it may cause undefined behavior if the caller does not ensure that the
     /// mapped address is valid and the page table is not corrupted if it is used
     /// by the kernel.
-    pub(super) unsafe fn map(&mut self, len: usize, create: Option<(Paddr, MapProperty)>) {
+    pub(super) unsafe fn map(&mut self, option: MapOption) {
+        self.acquire_locks();
+        let len = option.len();
         let end = self.va + len;
-        let mut create = create;
+        let mut option = option;
-        while self.va != end {
+        while self.va < end {
-            let top_spin = self.stack[C::NR_LEVELS - self.level].clone().unwrap();
+            // Skip if we are unmapping and it is already invalid.
-            let mut top_ptf = top_spin.lock();
+            let cur_pte = unsafe { self.cur_pte_ptr().read() };
-            // Go down if the page size is too big or alignment is not satisfied.
+            if matches!(option, MapOption::Unmap { .. }) && !cur_pte.is_valid() {
-            let is_pa_not_aligned = create
+                self.next_slot();
-                .map(|(pa, _)| pa % C::page_size(self.level) != 0)
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // We check among the conditions that may lead to a level down.
+            let is_pa_not_aligned = option
+                .paddr()
+                .map(|pa| pa % C::page_size(self.level) != 0)
                 .unwrap_or(false);
+            let map_but_too_huge = self.level > C::HIGHEST_TRANSLATION_LEVEL
+                && !matches!(option, MapOption::Unmap { .. });
             // We ensure not mapping in reserved kernel shared tables or releasing it.
             // Although it may be an invariant for all architectures and will be optimized
             // out by the compiler since `C::NR_LEVELS - 1 > C::HIGHEST_TRANSLATION_LEVEL`.
             let kshared_lvl_down =
                 TypeId::of::<M>() == TypeId::of::<KernelMode>() && self.level >= C::NR_LEVELS - 1;
-            if self.level > C::HIGHEST_TRANSLATION_LEVEL
+            if map_but_too_huge
                 || kshared_lvl_down
                 || self.va % C::page_size(self.level) != 0
                 || self.va + C::page_size(self.level) > end
                 || is_pa_not_aligned
             {
-                let ld_prop = create
+                let ld_prop = option.prop().unwrap_or(MapProperty::new_invalid());
-                    .map(|(pa, prop)| prop)
+                self.level_down(Some(ld_prop));
-                    .unwrap_or(MapProperty::new_invalid());
-                self.level_down(&mut top_ptf, Some(ld_prop));
                 continue;
             }
-            self.map_page(&mut top_ptf, create);
+            self.map_page(option.consume(C::page_size(self.level)));
-            create = create.map(|(pa, prop)| (pa + C::page_size(self.level), prop));
-            drop(top_ptf);
             self.next_slot();
         }
+        self.release_locks();
     }
 
     /// Apply the given operation to all the mappings within the range.
@@ -112,39 +201,44 @@ where
         &mut self,
         len: usize,
         op: impl MapOp,
+        allow_protect_invalid: bool,
     ) -> Result<(), PageTableError> {
+        self.acquire_locks();
         let end = self.va + len;
-        while self.va != end {
+        while self.va < end {
-            let top_spin = self.stack[C::NR_LEVELS - self.level].clone().unwrap();
+            let cur_pte = unsafe { self.cur_pte_ptr().read() };
-            let mut top_ptf = top_spin.lock();
-            let cur_pte = unsafe { self.cur_pte_ptr(&top_ptf).read() };
             if !cur_pte.is_valid() {
-                return Err(PageTableError::ProtectingInvalid);
+                if !allow_protect_invalid {
+                    return Err(PageTableError::ProtectingInvalid);
+                }
+                self.next_slot();
+                continue;
             }
             // Go down if it's not a last node or if the page size is too big.
             if !(cur_pte.is_huge() || self.level == 1)
                 || (self.va % C::page_size(self.level)) != 0
                 || self.va + C::page_size(self.level) > end
             {
-                self.level_down(&mut top_ptf, Some(op(cur_pte.info())));
+                self.level_down(Some(op(cur_pte.info())));
                 continue;
             }
             // Apply the operation.
             unsafe {
-                self.cur_pte_ptr(&top_ptf).write(E::new(
+                self.cur_pte_ptr().write(E::new(
                     cur_pte.paddr(),
                     op(cur_pte.info()),
                     cur_pte.is_huge(),
                     true,
                 ))
             };
-            drop(top_ptf);
             self.next_slot();
         }
+        self.release_locks();
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn cur_pte_ptr(&self, ptf: &PageTableFrame<E, C>) -> *mut E {
+    fn cur_pte_ptr(&self) -> *mut E {
+        let ptf = self.lock_guard[C::NR_LEVELS - self.level].as_ref().unwrap();
         let frame_addr = paddr_to_vaddr(ptf.inner.start_paddr());
         let offset = C::in_frame_index(self.va, self.level);
         (frame_addr + offset * size_of::<E>()) as *mut E
@@ -162,24 +256,26 @@ where
 
     /// Go up a level. We release the current frame if it has no mappings since the cursor only moves
     /// forward. And we will do the final cleanup using `level_up` when the cursor is dropped.
+    ///
+    /// This method requires locks acquired before calling it. The discarded level will be unlocked.
     fn level_up(&mut self) {
         let last_map_cnt_is_zero = {
-            let top_ptf_ref = self.stack[C::NR_LEVELS - self.level].clone().unwrap();
+            let top_ptf = self.lock_guard[C::NR_LEVELS - self.level].as_ref().unwrap();
-            let top_ptf = top_ptf_ref.lock();
             top_ptf.map_count == 0
         };
         self.stack[C::NR_LEVELS - self.level] = None;
+        self.lock_guard[C::NR_LEVELS - self.level] = None;
         self.level += 1;
         let can_release_child =
             TypeId::of::<M>() == TypeId::of::<KernelMode>() && self.level < C::NR_LEVELS;
         if can_release_child && last_map_cnt_is_zero {
-            let top_ptf_ref = self.stack[C::NR_LEVELS - self.level].clone().unwrap();
+            let top_ptf = self.lock_guard[C::NR_LEVELS - self.level]
-            let mut top_ptf = top_ptf_ref.lock();
+                .as_deref_mut()
+                .unwrap();
             let frame_addr = paddr_to_vaddr(top_ptf.inner.start_paddr());
-            let offset = C::in_frame_index(self.va, self.level);
-            unsafe { ((frame_addr + offset) as *mut E).write(E::new_invalid()) }
             let idx = C::in_frame_index(self.va, self.level);
-            top_ptf.child.as_mut().unwrap()[idx] = None;
+            unsafe { (frame_addr as *mut E).add(idx).write(E::new_invalid()) }
+            top_ptf.child[idx] = None;
             top_ptf.map_count -= 1;
         }
     }
@@ -190,18 +286,30 @@ where
     /// If that may happen the map property of intermediate level `prop` should be
     /// passed in correctly. Whether the map property matters in an intermediate
     /// level is architecture-dependent.
-    unsafe fn level_down(&mut self, top_ptf: &mut PageTableFrame<E, C>, prop: Option<MapProperty>) {
+    ///
-        if top_ptf.child.is_none() {
+    /// This method requires write locks acquired before calling it. The newly added
-            top_ptf.child = Some(Box::new(core::array::from_fn(|_| None)));
+    /// level will still hold the lock.
+    unsafe fn level_down(&mut self, prop: Option<MapProperty>) {
+        debug_assert!(self.level > 1);
+        // Check if the child frame exists.
+        let nxt_lvl_frame = {
+            let idx = C::in_frame_index(self.va, self.level);
+            let child = {
+                let top_ptf = self.lock_guard[C::NR_LEVELS - self.level].as_ref().unwrap();
+                &top_ptf.child[idx]
+            };
+            if let Some(Child::PageTable(nxt_lvl_frame)) = child {
+                Some(nxt_lvl_frame.clone())
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
         };
-        let nxt_lvl_frame = if let Some(nxt_lvl_frame) =
+        // Create a new child frame if it does not exist. Sure it could be done only if
-            top_ptf.child.as_ref().unwrap()[C::in_frame_index(self.va, self.level)].clone()
+        // it is allowed to modify the page table.
-        {
+        let nxt_lvl_frame = nxt_lvl_frame.unwrap_or_else(|| {
-            nxt_lvl_frame
-        } else {
             let mut new_frame = PageTableFrame::<E, C>::new();
             // If it already maps a huge page, we should split it.
-            let pte = unsafe { self.cur_pte_ptr(top_ptf).read() };
+            let pte = unsafe { self.cur_pte_ptr().read() };
             if pte.is_valid() && pte.is_huge() {
                 let pa = pte.paddr();
                 let prop = pte.info().prop;
@@ -215,7 +323,7 @@ where
                 }
                 new_frame.map_count = C::NR_ENTRIES_PER_FRAME;
                 unsafe {
-                    self.cur_pte_ptr(top_ptf).write(E::new(
+                    self.cur_pte_ptr().write(E::new(
                         new_frame.inner.start_paddr(),
                         prop,
                         false,
@@ -223,10 +331,10 @@ where
                     ))
                 }
             } else {
-                // The child couldn't be valid here cause child is none and it's not huge.
+                // The child couldn't be valid here because child is none and it's not huge.
                 debug_assert!(!pte.is_valid());
                 unsafe {
-                    self.cur_pte_ptr(top_ptf).write(E::new(
+                    self.cur_pte_ptr().write(E::new(
                         new_frame.inner.start_paddr(),
                         prop.unwrap(),
                         false,
@@ -234,12 +342,16 @@ where
                     ))
                 }
             }
+            let top_ptf = self.lock_guard[C::NR_LEVELS - self.level]
+                .as_deref_mut()
+                .unwrap();
             top_ptf.map_count += 1;
             let new_frame_ref = Arc::new(SpinLock::new(new_frame));
-            top_ptf.child.as_mut().unwrap()[C::in_frame_index(self.va, self.level)] =
+            top_ptf.child[C::in_frame_index(self.va, self.level)] =
-                Some(new_frame_ref.clone());
+                Some(Child::PageTable(new_frame_ref.clone()));
             new_frame_ref
-        };
+        });
+        self.lock_guard[C::NR_LEVELS - self.level + 1] = Some(nxt_lvl_frame.lock_arc());
         self.stack[C::NR_LEVELS - self.level + 1] = Some(nxt_lvl_frame);
         self.level -= 1;
     }
@@ -247,46 +359,61 @@ where
     /// Map or unmap the page pointed to by the cursor (which could be large).
     /// If the physical address and the map property are not provided, it unmaps
     /// the current page.
-    unsafe fn map_page(
+    ///
-        &mut self,
+    /// This method requires write locks acquired before calling it.
-        top_ptf: &mut PageTableFrame<E, C>,
+    unsafe fn map_page(&mut self, option: MapOption) {
-        create: Option<(Paddr, MapProperty)>,
+        let pte_ptr = self.cur_pte_ptr();
-    ) {
+        let top_ptf = self.lock_guard[C::NR_LEVELS - self.level]
-        let already_mapped = unsafe { self.cur_pte_ptr(top_ptf).read().is_valid() };
+            .as_deref_mut()
-        if let Some((pa, prop)) = create {
+            .unwrap();
-            unsafe {
+        let child = {
-                self.cur_pte_ptr(top_ptf)
+            let idx = C::in_frame_index(self.va, self.level);
-                    .write(E::new(pa, prop, self.level > 1, true))
+            if top_ptf.child[idx].is_some() {
-            }
+                top_ptf.child[idx] = None;
-            if !already_mapped {
-                top_ptf.map_count += 1;
-            }
-        } else {
-            unsafe { self.cur_pte_ptr(top_ptf).write(E::new_invalid()) }
-            if already_mapped {
                 top_ptf.map_count -= 1;
             }
-        }
+            &mut top_ptf.child[idx]
-        // If it dismantle a child page table frame by mapping a huge page
-        // we ensure it to be released.
-        if let Some(child) = &mut top_ptf.child {
-            let idx = C::in_frame_index(self.va, self.level);
-            if child[idx].is_some() {
-                child[idx] = None;
-            }
         };
+        match option {
+            MapOption::Map { frame, prop } => {
+                let pa = frame.start_paddr();
+                unsafe {
+                    pte_ptr.write(E::new(pa, prop, self.level > 1, true));
+                }
+                *child = Some(Child::Frame(frame));
+                top_ptf.map_count += 1;
+            }
+            MapOption::MapUntyped { pa, len, prop } => {
+                debug_assert_eq!(len, C::page_size(self.level));
+                unsafe {
+                    pte_ptr.write(E::new(pa, prop, self.level > 1, true));
+                }
+                top_ptf.map_count += 1;
+            }
+            MapOption::Unmap { len } => {
+                debug_assert_eq!(len, C::page_size(self.level));
+                unsafe { pte_ptr.write(E::new_invalid()) }
+            }
+        }
     }
-}
 
-impl<'a, M: PageTableMode, E: PageTableEntryTrait, C: PageTableConstsTrait> Drop
+    fn acquire_locks(&mut self) {
-    for PageTableCursor<'a, M, E, C>
+        for i in 0..=C::NR_LEVELS - self.level {
-where
+            let Some(ref ptf) = self.stack[i] else {
-    [(); C::NR_ENTRIES_PER_FRAME]:,
+                panic!("Invalid values in PT cursor stack while acuqiring locks");
-    [(); C::NR_LEVELS]:,
+            };
-{
+            debug_assert!(self.lock_guard[i].is_none());
-    fn drop(&mut self) {
+            self.lock_guard[i] = Some(ptf.lock_arc());
-        while self.level < C::NR_LEVELS {
+        }
-            self.level_up();
+    }
+
+    fn release_locks(&mut self) {
+        for i in (0..=C::NR_LEVELS - self.level).rev() {
+            let Some(ref ptf) = self.stack[i] else {
+                panic!("Invalid values in PT cursor stack while releasing locks");
+            };
+            debug_assert!(self.lock_guard[i].is_some());
+            self.lock_guard[i] = None;
         }
     }
 }
@@ -315,9 +442,23 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-pub struct PageTableQueryResult {
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
-    pub va: Range<Vaddr>,
+pub enum PageTableQueryResult {
-    pub info: MapInfo,
+    NotMapped {
+        va: Vaddr,
+        len: usize,
+    },
+    Mapped {
+        va: Vaddr,
+        frame: VmFrame,
+        info: MapInfo,
+    },
+    MappedUntyped {
+        va: Vaddr,
+        pa: Paddr,
+        len: usize,
+        info: MapInfo,
+    },
 }
 
 impl<'a, M: PageTableMode, E: PageTableEntryTrait, C: PageTableConstsTrait> Iterator
@@ -329,36 +470,63 @@ where
     type Item = PageTableQueryResult;
 
     fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.cursor.acquire_locks();
         if self.cursor.va >= self.end_va {
             return None;
         }
         loop {
             let level = self.cursor.level;
             let va = self.cursor.va;
-            let top_spin = self.cursor.stack[C::NR_LEVELS - level].clone().unwrap();
+            let top_ptf = self.cursor.lock_guard[C::NR_LEVELS - level]
-            let mut top_ptf = top_spin.lock();
+                .as_ref()
-            let cur_pte = unsafe { self.cursor.cur_pte_ptr(&top_ptf).read() };
+                .unwrap();
+            let cur_pte = unsafe { self.cursor.cur_pte_ptr().read() };
             // Yeild if it's not a valid node.
             if !cur_pte.is_valid() {
-                return None;
+                self.cursor.next_slot();
+                self.cursor.release_locks();
+                return Some(PageTableQueryResult::NotMapped {
+                    va,
+                    len: C::page_size(level),
+                });
             }
             // Go down if it's not a last node.
             if !(cur_pte.is_huge() || level == 1) {
-                // Safety: alignment checked and there should be a child frame here.
+                debug_assert!(cur_pte.is_valid());
+                // Safety: it's valid and there should be a child frame here.
                 unsafe {
-                    self.cursor.level_down(&mut top_ptf, None);
+                    self.cursor.level_down(None);
                 }
                 continue;
             }
             // Yield the current mapping.
-            let mapped_range = self.cursor.va..self.cursor.va + C::page_size(self.cursor.level);
             let map_info = cur_pte.info();
-            drop(top_ptf);
+            let idx = C::in_frame_index(self.cursor.va, self.cursor.level);
-            self.cursor.next_slot();
+            match top_ptf.child[idx] {
-            return Some(PageTableQueryResult {
+                Some(Child::Frame(ref frame)) => {
-                va: mapped_range,
+                    let frame = frame.clone();
-                info: map_info,
+                    self.cursor.next_slot();
-            });
+                    self.cursor.release_locks();
+                    return Some(PageTableQueryResult::Mapped {
+                        va,
+                        frame,
+                        info: map_info,
+                    });
+                }
+                Some(Child::PageTable(_)) => {
+                    panic!("The child couldn't be page table here because it's valid and not huge");
+                }
+                None => {
+                    self.cursor.next_slot();
+                    self.cursor.release_locks();
+                    return Some(PageTableQueryResult::MappedUntyped {
+                        va,
+                        pa: cur_pte.paddr(),
+                        len: C::page_size(level),
+                        info: map_info,
+                    });
+                }
+            }
         }
     }
 }

framework/aster-frame/src/vm/page_table/frame.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
+
+use alloc::{boxed::Box, sync::Arc};
+
+use super::{PageTableConstsTrait, PageTableEntryTrait};
+use crate::{
+    sync::SpinLock,
+    vm::{VmAllocOptions, VmFrame},
+};
+
+/// A page table frame.
+/// It's also frequently referred to as a page table in many architectural documentations.
+/// Cloning a page table frame will create a deep copy of the page table.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(super) struct PageTableFrame<E: PageTableEntryTrait, C: PageTableConstsTrait>
+where
+    [(); C::NR_ENTRIES_PER_FRAME]:,
+    [(); C::NR_LEVELS]:,
+{
+    pub inner: VmFrame,
+    /// TODO: all the following fields can be removed if frame metadata is introduced.
+    /// Here we allow 2x space overhead each frame temporarily.
+    #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
+    pub child: Box<[Option<Child<E, C>>; C::NR_ENTRIES_PER_FRAME]>,
+    /// The number of mapped frames or page tables.
+    /// This is to track if we can free itself.
+    pub map_count: usize,
+}
+
+pub(super) type PtfRef<E, C> = Arc<SpinLock<PageTableFrame<E, C>>>;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(super) enum Child<E: PageTableEntryTrait, C: PageTableConstsTrait>
+where
+    [(); C::NR_ENTRIES_PER_FRAME]:,
+    [(); C::NR_LEVELS]:,
+{
+    PageTable(PtfRef<E, C>),
+    Frame(VmFrame),
+}
+
+impl<E: PageTableEntryTrait, C: PageTableConstsTrait> Clone for Child<E, C>
+where
+    [(); C::NR_ENTRIES_PER_FRAME]:,
+    [(); C::NR_LEVELS]:,
+{
+    /// This is a shallow copy.
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        match self {
+            Child::PageTable(ptf) => Child::PageTable(ptf.clone()),
+            Child::Frame(frame) => Child::Frame(frame.clone()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<E: PageTableEntryTrait, C: PageTableConstsTrait> PageTableFrame<E, C>
+where
+    [(); C::NR_ENTRIES_PER_FRAME]:,
+    [(); C::NR_LEVELS]:,
+{
+    pub(super) fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner: VmAllocOptions::new(1).alloc_single().unwrap(),
+            child: Box::new(core::array::from_fn(|_| None)),
+            map_count: 0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<E: PageTableEntryTrait, C: PageTableConstsTrait> Clone for PageTableFrame<E, C>
+where
+    [(); C::NR_ENTRIES_PER_FRAME]:,
+    [(); C::NR_LEVELS]:,
+{
+    /// Make a deep copy of the page table.
+    /// The child page tables are also being deep copied.
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        let new_frame = VmAllocOptions::new(1).alloc_single().unwrap();
+        let new_ptr = new_frame.as_mut_ptr() as *mut E;
+        let ptr = self.inner.as_ptr() as *const E;
+        let child = Box::new(core::array::from_fn(|i| {
+            self.child[i].as_ref().map(|child| match child {
+                Child::PageTable(ptf) => unsafe {
+                    let frame = ptf.lock();
+                    let cloned = frame.clone();
+                    let pte = ptr.add(i).read();
+                    new_ptr.add(i).write(E::new(
+                        cloned.inner.start_paddr(),
+                        pte.info().prop,
+                        false,
+                        false,
+                    ));
+                    Child::PageTable(Arc::new(SpinLock::new(cloned)))
+                },
+                Child::Frame(frame) => {
+                    unsafe {
+                        let pte = ptr.add(i).read();
+                        new_ptr.add(i).write(pte);
+                    }
+                    Child::Frame(frame.clone())
+                }
+            })
+        }));
+        Self {
+            inner: new_frame,
+            child,
+            map_count: self.map_count,
+        }
+    }
+}

framework/aster-frame/src/vm/page_table/mod.rs

@@ -1,29 +1,32 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
 
 use alloc::{boxed::Box, sync::Arc};
-use core::{fmt::Debug, marker::PhantomData, mem::size_of, ops::Range};
+use core::{fmt::Debug, marker::PhantomData, mem::size_of, ops::Range, panic};
 
 use crate::{
     arch::mm::{activate_page_table, PageTableConsts, PageTableEntry},
     sync::SpinLock,
-    vm::{paddr_to_vaddr, Paddr, Vaddr, VmAllocOptions, VmFrame, VmFrameVec, VmPerm, PAGE_SIZE},
+    vm::{paddr_to_vaddr, Paddr, Vaddr, VmAllocOptions, VmFrameVec, VmPerm},
 };
 
 mod properties;
 pub use properties::*;
+mod frame;
+use frame::*;
 mod cursor;
 use cursor::*;
+pub(crate) use cursor::{PageTableIter, PageTableQueryResult};
 #[cfg(ktest)]
 mod test;
 
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
 pub enum PageTableError {
     InvalidVaddr(Vaddr),
-    InvalidVaddrRange(Range<Vaddr>),
+    InvalidVaddrRange(Vaddr, Vaddr),
     VaddrNotAligned(Vaddr),
-    VaddrRangeNotAligned(Range<Vaddr>),
+    VaddrRangeNotAligned(Vaddr, Vaddr),
     PaddrNotAligned(Paddr),
-    PaddrRangeNotAligned(Range<Paddr>),
+    PaddrRangeNotAligned(Vaddr, Vaddr),
     // Protecting a mapping that does not exist.
     ProtectingInvalid,
 }
@@ -31,27 +34,34 @@ pub enum PageTableError {
 /// This is a compile-time technique to force the frame developers to distinguish
 /// between the kernel global page table instance, process specific user page table
 /// instance, and device page table instances.
-pub trait PageTableMode: 'static {
+pub trait PageTableMode: Clone + Debug + 'static {
     /// The range of virtual addresses that the page table can manage.
     const VADDR_RANGE: Range<Vaddr>;
+
+    /// Check if the given range is within the valid virtual address range.
+    fn encloses(r: &Range<Vaddr>) -> bool {
+        Self::VADDR_RANGE.start <= r.start && r.end <= Self::VADDR_RANGE.end
+    }
 }
 
-#[derive(Clone)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct UserMode {}
 
 impl PageTableMode for UserMode {
     const VADDR_RANGE: Range<Vaddr> = 0..super::MAX_USERSPACE_VADDR;
 }
 
-#[derive(Clone)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct KernelMode {}
 
 impl PageTableMode for KernelMode {
     const VADDR_RANGE: Range<Vaddr> = super::KERNEL_BASE_VADDR..super::KERNEL_END_VADDR;
 }
 
-/// A page table instance.
+/// A handle to a page table.
-pub struct PageTable<
+/// A page table can track the lifetime of the mapped physical frames.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct PageTable<
     M: PageTableMode,
     E: PageTableEntryTrait = PageTableEntry,
     C: PageTableConstsTrait = PageTableConsts,
@@ -63,70 +73,15 @@ pub struct PageTable<
     _phantom: PhantomData<M>,
 }
 
-/// A page table frame.
-/// It's also frequently referred to as a page table in many architectural documentations.
-#[derive(Debug)]
-struct PageTableFrame<E: PageTableEntryTrait, C: PageTableConstsTrait>
-where
-    [(); C::NR_ENTRIES_PER_FRAME]:,
-    [(); C::NR_LEVELS]:,
-{
-    pub inner: VmFrame,
-    #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
-    pub child: Option<Box<[Option<PtfRef<E, C>>; C::NR_ENTRIES_PER_FRAME]>>,
-    /// The number of mapped frames or page tables.
-    /// This is to track if we can free itself.
-    pub map_count: usize,
-}
-
-type PtfRef<E, C> = Arc<SpinLock<PageTableFrame<E, C>>>;
-
-impl<E: PageTableEntryTrait, C: PageTableConstsTrait> PageTableFrame<E, C>
-where
-    [(); C::NR_ENTRIES_PER_FRAME]:,
-    [(); C::NR_LEVELS]:,
-{
-    pub(crate) fn new() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            inner: VmAllocOptions::new(1).alloc_single().unwrap(),
-            child: None,
-            map_count: 0,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 impl<E: PageTableEntryTrait, C: PageTableConstsTrait> PageTable<UserMode, E, C>
 where
     [(); C::NR_ENTRIES_PER_FRAME]:,
     [(); C::NR_LEVELS]:,
 {
-    pub(crate) fn map_frame(
-        &mut self,
-        vaddr: Vaddr,
-        frame: &VmFrame,
-        prop: MapProperty,
-    ) -> Result<(), PageTableError> {
-        if vaddr % C::BASE_PAGE_SIZE != 0 {
-            return Err(PageTableError::VaddrNotAligned(vaddr));
-        }
-        let va_range = vaddr
-            ..vaddr
-                .checked_add(PAGE_SIZE)
-                .ok_or(PageTableError::InvalidVaddr(vaddr))?;
-        if !range_contains(&UserMode::VADDR_RANGE, &va_range) {
-            return Err(PageTableError::InvalidVaddrRange(va_range));
-        }
-        // Safety: modification to the user page table is safe.
-        unsafe {
-            self.map_frame_unchecked(vaddr, frame, prop);
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn map_frames(
-        &mut self,
+        &self,
         vaddr: Vaddr,
-        frames: &VmFrameVec,
+        frames: VmFrameVec,
         prop: MapProperty,
     ) -> Result<(), PageTableError> {
         if vaddr % C::BASE_PAGE_SIZE != 0 {
@@ -136,8 +91,11 @@ where
             ..vaddr
                 .checked_add(frames.nbytes())
                 .ok_or(PageTableError::InvalidVaddr(vaddr))?;
-        if !range_contains(&UserMode::VADDR_RANGE, &va_range) {
+        if !UserMode::encloses(&va_range) {
-            return Err(PageTableError::InvalidVaddrRange(va_range));
+            return Err(PageTableError::InvalidVaddrRange(
+                va_range.start,
+                va_range.end,
+            ));
         }
         // Safety: modification to the user page table is safe.
         unsafe {
@@ -146,34 +104,12 @@ where
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn map(
+    pub(crate) fn unmap(&self, vaddr: &Range<Vaddr>) -> Result<(), PageTableError> {
-        &mut self,
-        vaddr: &Range<Vaddr>,
-        paddr: &Range<Paddr>,
-        prop: MapProperty,
-    ) -> Result<(), PageTableError> {
         if vaddr.start % C::BASE_PAGE_SIZE != 0 || vaddr.end % C::BASE_PAGE_SIZE != 0 {
-            return Err(PageTableError::VaddrRangeNotAligned(vaddr.clone()));
+            return Err(PageTableError::VaddrRangeNotAligned(vaddr.start, vaddr.end));
         }
-        if paddr.start % C::BASE_PAGE_SIZE != 0 || paddr.end % C::BASE_PAGE_SIZE != 0 {
+        if !UserMode::encloses(vaddr) {
-            return Err(PageTableError::PaddrRangeNotAligned(paddr.clone()));
+            return Err(PageTableError::InvalidVaddrRange(vaddr.start, vaddr.end));
-        }
-        if !range_contains(&UserMode::VADDR_RANGE, vaddr) {
-            return Err(PageTableError::InvalidVaddrRange(vaddr.clone()));
-        }
-        // Safety: modification to the user page table is safe.
-        unsafe {
-            self.map_unchecked(vaddr, paddr, prop);
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn unmap(&mut self, vaddr: &Range<Vaddr>) -> Result<(), PageTableError> {
-        if vaddr.start % C::BASE_PAGE_SIZE != 0 || vaddr.end % C::BASE_PAGE_SIZE != 0 {
-            return Err(PageTableError::VaddrRangeNotAligned(vaddr.clone()));
-        }
-        if !range_contains(&UserMode::VADDR_RANGE, vaddr) {
-            return Err(PageTableError::InvalidVaddrRange(vaddr.clone()));
         }
         // Safety: modification to the user page table is safe.
         unsafe {
@@ -183,18 +119,18 @@ where
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn protect(
-        &mut self,
+        &self,
         vaddr: &Range<Vaddr>,
         op: impl MapOp,
     ) -> Result<(), PageTableError> {
         if vaddr.start % C::BASE_PAGE_SIZE != 0 || vaddr.end % C::BASE_PAGE_SIZE != 0 {
-            return Err(PageTableError::VaddrRangeNotAligned(vaddr.clone()));
+            return Err(PageTableError::VaddrRangeNotAligned(vaddr.start, vaddr.end));
         }
-        if !range_contains(&UserMode::VADDR_RANGE, vaddr) {
+        if !UserMode::encloses(vaddr) {
-            return Err(PageTableError::InvalidVaddrRange(vaddr.clone()));
+            return Err(PageTableError::InvalidVaddrRange(vaddr.start, vaddr.end));
         }
         // Safety: modification to the user page table is safe.
-        unsafe { self.protect_unchecked(vaddr, op) }
+        unsafe { self.cursor(vaddr.start).protect(vaddr.len(), op, false) }
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn activate(&self) {
@@ -204,6 +140,59 @@ where
             self.activate_unchecked();
         }
     }
+
+    /// Remove all write permissions from the user page table and mark the page
+    /// table as copy-on-write, and the create a handle to the new page table.
+    ///
+    /// That is, new page tables will be created when needed if a write operation
+    /// is performed on either of the user page table handles. Calling this function
+    /// performs no significant operations.
+    pub(crate) fn fork_copy_on_write(&self) -> Self {
+        unsafe {
+            self.protect_unchecked(&UserMode::VADDR_RANGE, perm_op(|perm| perm & !VmPerm::W));
+        }
+        // TODO: implement the copy-on-write mechanism. This is a simple workaround.
+        let new_root_frame = VmAllocOptions::new(1).alloc_single().unwrap();
+        let root_frame = self.root_frame.lock();
+        let half_of_entries = C::NR_ENTRIES_PER_FRAME / 2;
+        let new_ptr = new_root_frame.as_mut_ptr() as *mut E;
+        let ptr = root_frame.inner.as_ptr() as *const E;
+        let child = Box::new(core::array::from_fn(|i| {
+            if i < half_of_entries {
+                // This is user space, deep copy the child.
+                root_frame.child[i].as_ref().map(|child| match child {
+                    Child::PageTable(ptf) => unsafe {
+                        let frame = ptf.lock();
+                        let cloned = frame.clone();
+                        let pte = ptr.add(i).read();
+                        new_ptr.add(i).write(E::new(
+                            cloned.inner.start_paddr(),
+                            pte.info().prop,
+                            false,
+                            false,
+                        ));
+                        Child::PageTable(Arc::new(SpinLock::new(cloned)))
+                    },
+                    Child::Frame(_) => panic!("Unexpected frame child."),
+                })
+            } else {
+                // This is kernel space, share the child.
+                unsafe {
+                    let pte = ptr.add(i).read();
+                    new_ptr.add(i).write(pte);
+                }
+                root_frame.child[i].clone()
+            }
+        }));
+        PageTable::<UserMode, E, C> {
+            root_frame: Arc::new(SpinLock::new(PageTableFrame::<E, C> {
+                inner: new_root_frame,
+                child,
+                map_count: root_frame.map_count,
+            })),
+            _phantom: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl<E: PageTableEntryTrait, C: PageTableConstsTrait> PageTable<KernelMode, E, C>
@@ -213,22 +202,21 @@ where
 {
     /// Create a new user page table.
     ///
-    /// This should be the only way to create a user page table, that is
+    /// This should be the only way to create the first user page table, that is
     /// to fork the kernel page table with all the kernel mappings shared.
-    pub(crate) fn fork(&self) -> PageTable<UserMode, E, C> {
+    ///
+    /// Then, one can use a user page table to call [`fork_copy_on_write`], creating
+    /// other child page tables.
+    pub(crate) fn create_user_page_table(&self) -> PageTable<UserMode, E, C> {
         let new_root_frame = VmAllocOptions::new(1).alloc_single().unwrap();
         let root_frame = self.root_frame.lock();
-        // Safety: The root_paddr is the root of a valid page table and
+        let half_of_entries = C::NR_ENTRIES_PER_FRAME / 2;
-        // it does not overlap with the new page.
+        new_root_frame.copy_from_frame(&root_frame.inner);
-        unsafe {
+        let child = Box::new(core::array::from_fn(|i| root_frame.child[i].clone()));
-            let src = paddr_to_vaddr(root_frame.inner.start_paddr()) as *const E;
-            let dst = paddr_to_vaddr(new_root_frame.start_paddr()) as *mut E;
-            core::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(src, dst, C::NR_ENTRIES_PER_FRAME);
-        }
         PageTable::<UserMode, E, C> {
             root_frame: Arc::new(SpinLock::new(PageTableFrame::<E, C> {
                 inner: new_root_frame,
-                child: root_frame.child.clone(),
+                child,
                 map_count: root_frame.map_count,
             })),
             _phantom: PhantomData,
@@ -246,11 +234,8 @@ where
         let end = root_index.end;
         assert!(end <= C::NR_ENTRIES_PER_FRAME);
         let mut root_frame = self.root_frame.lock();
-        if root_frame.child.is_none() {
-            root_frame.child = Some(Box::new(core::array::from_fn(|_| None)));
-        }
         for i in start..end {
-            let no_such_child = root_frame.child.as_ref().unwrap()[i].is_none();
+            let no_such_child = root_frame.child[i].is_none();
             if no_such_child {
                 let frame = PageTableFrame::<E, C>::new();
                 let pte_ptr = (root_frame.inner.start_paddr() + i * size_of::<E>()) as *mut E;
@@ -267,8 +252,7 @@ where
                         false,
                     ));
                 }
-                let child_array = root_frame.child.as_mut().unwrap();
+                root_frame.child[i] = Some(Child::PageTable(Arc::new(SpinLock::new(frame))));
-                child_array[i] = Some(Arc::new(SpinLock::new(frame)));
                 root_frame.map_count += 1;
             }
         }
@@ -293,74 +277,68 @@ where
         self.root_frame.lock().inner.start_paddr()
     }
 
-    /// Translate a virtual address to a physical address using the page table.
-    pub(crate) fn translate(&self, vaddr: Vaddr) -> Option<Paddr> {
-        // Safety: The root frame is a valid page table frame so the address is valid.
-        unsafe { page_walk::<E, C>(self.root_paddr(), vaddr) }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) unsafe fn map_frame_unchecked(
-        &mut self,
-        vaddr: Vaddr,
-        frame: &VmFrame,
-        prop: MapProperty,
-    ) {
-        self.cursor(vaddr)
-            .map(PAGE_SIZE, Some((frame.start_paddr(), prop)));
-    }
-
     pub(crate) unsafe fn map_frames_unchecked(
-        &mut self,
+        &self,
         vaddr: Vaddr,
-        frames: &VmFrameVec,
+        frames: VmFrameVec,
         prop: MapProperty,
     ) {
         let mut cursor = self.cursor(vaddr);
-        for frame in frames.iter() {
+        for frame in frames.into_iter() {
-            cursor.map(PAGE_SIZE, Some((frame.start_paddr(), prop)));
+            cursor.map(MapOption::Map { frame, prop });
         }
     }
 
     pub(crate) unsafe fn map_unchecked(
-        &mut self,
+        &self,
         vaddr: &Range<Vaddr>,
         paddr: &Range<Paddr>,
         prop: MapProperty,
     ) {
+        self.cursor(vaddr.start).map(MapOption::MapUntyped {
+            pa: paddr.start,
+            len: vaddr.len(),
+            prop,
+        });
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) unsafe fn unmap_unchecked(&self, vaddr: &Range<Vaddr>) {
         self.cursor(vaddr.start)
-            .map(vaddr.len(), Some((paddr.start, prop)));
+            .map(MapOption::Unmap { len: vaddr.len() });
     }
 
-    pub(crate) unsafe fn unmap_unchecked(&mut self, vaddr: &Range<Vaddr>) {
+    pub(crate) unsafe fn protect_unchecked(&self, vaddr: &Range<Vaddr>, op: impl MapOp) {
-        self.cursor(vaddr.start).map(vaddr.len(), None);
+        self.cursor(vaddr.start)
+            .protect(vaddr.len(), op, true)
+            .unwrap();
     }
 
-    pub(crate) unsafe fn protect_unchecked(
+    /// Query about the mappings of a range of virtual addresses.
-        &mut self,
+    pub(crate) fn query_range(
-        vaddr: &Range<Vaddr>,
-        op: impl MapOp,
-    ) -> Result<(), PageTableError> {
-        self.cursor(vaddr.start).protect(vaddr.len(), op)
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn query(
         &'a self,
         vaddr: &Range<Vaddr>,
     ) -> Result<PageTableIter<'a, M, E, C>, PageTableError> {
         if vaddr.start % C::BASE_PAGE_SIZE != 0 || vaddr.end % C::BASE_PAGE_SIZE != 0 {
-            return Err(PageTableError::InvalidVaddrRange(vaddr.clone()));
+            return Err(PageTableError::InvalidVaddrRange(vaddr.start, vaddr.end));
         }
-        if !range_contains(&M::VADDR_RANGE, vaddr) {
+        if !M::encloses(vaddr) {
-            return Err(PageTableError::InvalidVaddrRange(vaddr.clone()));
+            return Err(PageTableError::InvalidVaddrRange(vaddr.start, vaddr.end));
         }
         Ok(PageTableIter::new(self, vaddr))
     }
 
+    /// Query about the mapping of a single byte at the given virtual address.
+    pub(crate) fn query(&self, vaddr: Vaddr) -> Option<(Paddr, MapInfo)> {
+        // Safety: The root frame is a valid page table frame so the address is valid.
+        unsafe { page_walk::<E, C>(self.root_paddr(), vaddr) }
+    }
+
     pub(crate) unsafe fn activate_unchecked(&self) {
         activate_page_table(self.root_paddr(), CachePolicy::Writeback);
     }
 
-    /// Create a new cursor for the page table initialized at the given virtual address.
+    /// Create a new mutating cursor for the page table.
+    /// The cursor is initialized atthe given virtual address.
     fn cursor(&self, va: usize) -> PageTableCursor<'a, M, E, C> {
         PageTableCursor::new(self, va)
     }
@@ -376,9 +354,23 @@ where
     }
 }
 
+impl<M: PageTableMode, E: PageTableEntryTrait, C: PageTableConstsTrait> Clone for PageTable<M, E, C>
+where
+    [(); C::NR_ENTRIES_PER_FRAME]:,
+    [(); C::NR_LEVELS]:,
+{
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        let frame = self.root_frame.lock();
+        PageTable {
+            root_frame: Arc::new(SpinLock::new(frame.clone())),
+            _phantom: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// A software emulation of the MMU address translation process.
-/// It returns the physical address of the given virtual address if a valid mapping
+/// It returns the physical address of the given virtual address and the mapping info
-/// exists for the given virtual address.
+/// if a valid mapping exists for the given virtual address.
 ///
 /// # Safety
 ///
@@ -387,13 +379,13 @@ where
 pub(super) unsafe fn page_walk<E: PageTableEntryTrait, C: PageTableConstsTrait>(
     root_paddr: Paddr,
     vaddr: Vaddr,
-) -> Option<Paddr> {
+) -> Option<(Paddr, MapInfo)> {
     let mut cur_level = C::NR_LEVELS;
     let mut cur_pte = {
         let frame_addr = paddr_to_vaddr(root_paddr);
         let offset = C::in_frame_index(vaddr, cur_level);
         // Safety: The offset does not exceed the value of PAGE_SIZE.
-        unsafe { &*(frame_addr as *const E).add(offset) }
+        unsafe { (frame_addr as *const E).add(offset).read() }
     };
 
     while cur_level > 1 {
@@ -409,17 +401,16 @@ pub(super) unsafe fn page_walk<E: PageTableEntryTrait, C: PageTableConstsTrait>(
             let frame_addr = paddr_to_vaddr(cur_pte.paddr());
             let offset = C::in_frame_index(vaddr, cur_level);
             // Safety: The offset does not exceed the value of PAGE_SIZE.
-            unsafe { &*(frame_addr as *const E).add(offset) }
+            unsafe { (frame_addr as *const E).add(offset).read() }
         };
     }
 
     if cur_pte.is_valid() {
-        Some(cur_pte.paddr() + (vaddr & (C::page_size(cur_level) - 1)))
+        Some((
+            cur_pte.paddr() + (vaddr & (C::page_size(cur_level) - 1)),
+            cur_pte.info(),
+        ))
     } else {
         None
     }
 }
-
-fn range_contains<Idx: PartialOrd<Idx>>(parent: &Range<Idx>, child: &Range<Idx>) -> bool {
-    parent.start <= child.start && parent.end >= child.end
-}

framework/aster-frame/src/vm/page_table/properties.rs

@@ -116,12 +116,12 @@ pub struct MapProperty {
     pub perm: VmPerm,
     /// Global.
     /// A global page is not evicted from the TLB when TLB is flushed.
-    pub global: bool,
+    pub(crate) global: bool,
     /// The properties of a memory mapping that is used and defined as flags in PTE
     /// in specific architectures on an ad hoc basis. The logics provided by the
     /// page table module will not be affected by this field.
-    pub extension: u64,
+    pub(crate) extension: u64,
-    pub cache: CachePolicy,
+    pub(crate) cache: CachePolicy,
 }
 
 /// Any functions that could be used to modify the map property of a memory mapping.
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ pub struct MapProperty {
 /// To protect a virtual address range, you can either directly use a `MapProperty` object,
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// let page_table = KERNEL_PAGE_TABLE.get().unwrap().lock();
+/// let page_table = KERNEL_PAGE_TABLE.get().unwrap();
 /// let prop = MapProperty {
 ///     perm: VmPerm::R,
 ///     global: true,
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ pub struct MapProperty {
 /// use a map operation
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// let page_table = KERNEL_PAGE_TABLE.get().unwrap().lock();
+/// let page_table = KERNEL_PAGE_TABLE.get().unwrap();
 /// page_table.map(0..PAGE_SIZE, cache_policy_op(CachePolicy::Writeback));
 /// page_table.map(0..PAGE_SIZE, perm_op(|perm| perm | VmPerm::R));
 /// ```
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ pub struct MapProperty {
 /// or even customize a map operation using a closure
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// let page_table = KERNEL_PAGE_TABLE.get().unwrap().lock();
+/// let page_table = KERNEL_PAGE_TABLE.get().unwrap();
 /// page_table.map(0..PAGE_SIZE, |info| {
 ///     assert!(info.prop.perm.contains(VmPerm::R));
 ///     MapProperty {
@@ -164,8 +164,8 @@ pub struct MapProperty {
 pub trait MapOp: Fn(MapInfo) -> MapProperty {}
 impl<F> MapOp for F where F: Fn(MapInfo) -> MapProperty {}
 
-// These implementations allow a property to be used as an overriding map operation.
+// These implementations allow a property or permission to be used as an
-// Other usages seems pointless.
+// overriding map operation. Other usages seems pointless.
 impl FnOnce<(MapInfo,)> for MapProperty {
     type Output = MapProperty;
     extern "rust-call" fn call_once(self, _: (MapInfo,)) -> MapProperty {
@@ -182,6 +182,31 @@ impl Fn<(MapInfo,)> for MapProperty {
         *self
     }
 }
+impl FnOnce<(MapInfo,)> for VmPerm {
+    type Output = MapProperty;
+    extern "rust-call" fn call_once(self, info: (MapInfo,)) -> MapProperty {
+        MapProperty {
+            perm: self,
+            ..info.0.prop
+        }
+    }
+}
+impl FnMut<(MapInfo,)> for VmPerm {
+    extern "rust-call" fn call_mut(&mut self, info: (MapInfo,)) -> MapProperty {
+        MapProperty {
+            perm: *self,
+            ..info.0.prop
+        }
+    }
+}
+impl Fn<(MapInfo,)> for VmPerm {
+    extern "rust-call" fn call(&self, info: (MapInfo,)) -> MapProperty {
+        MapProperty {
+            perm: *self,
+            ..info.0.prop
+        }
+    }
+}
 
 /// A life saver for creating a map operation that sets the cache policy.
 pub fn cache_policy_op(cache: CachePolicy) -> impl MapOp {
@@ -229,6 +254,18 @@ pub struct MapInfo {
     pub status: MapStatus,
 }
 
+impl MapInfo {
+    pub fn contains(&self, perm: VmPerm) -> bool {
+        self.prop.perm.contains(perm)
+    }
+    pub fn accessed(&self) -> bool {
+        self.status.contains(MapStatus::ACCESSED)
+    }
+    pub fn dirty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.status.contains(MapStatus::DIRTY)
+    }
+}
+
 pub trait PageTableEntryTrait: Clone + Copy + Sized + Pod + Debug {
     /// Create a new invalid page table flags that causes page faults
     /// when the MMU meets them.

framework/aster-frame/src/vm/page_table/test.rs

@@ -7,65 +7,84 @@ const PAGE_SIZE: usize = 4096;
 
 #[ktest]
 fn test_range_check() {
-    let mut pt = PageTable::<UserMode>::empty();
+    let pt = PageTable::<UserMode>::empty();
     let good_va = 0..PAGE_SIZE;
     let bad_va = 0..PAGE_SIZE + 1;
     let bad_va2 = LINEAR_MAPPING_BASE_VADDR..LINEAR_MAPPING_BASE_VADDR + PAGE_SIZE;
-    let to = PAGE_SIZE..PAGE_SIZE * 2;
+    let to = VmAllocOptions::new(1).alloc().unwrap();
-    assert!(pt.query(&good_va).is_ok());
+    assert!(pt.query_range(&good_va).is_ok());
-    assert!(pt.query(&bad_va).is_err());
+    assert!(pt.query_range(&bad_va).is_err());
-    assert!(pt.query(&bad_va2).is_err());
+    assert!(pt.query_range(&bad_va2).is_err());
     assert!(pt.unmap(&good_va).is_ok());
     assert!(pt.unmap(&bad_va).is_err());
     assert!(pt.unmap(&bad_va2).is_err());
     assert!(pt
-        .map(&good_va, &to, MapProperty::new_general(VmPerm::R))
+        .map_frames(
+            good_va.start,
+            to.clone(),
+            MapProperty::new_general(VmPerm::R)
+        )
         .is_ok());
-    assert!(pt.map(&bad_va, &to, MapProperty::new_invalid()).is_err());
+    assert!(pt
-    assert!(pt.map(&bad_va2, &to, MapProperty::new_invalid()).is_err());
+        .map_frames(bad_va2.start, to.clone(), MapProperty::new_invalid())
+        .is_err());
 }
 
 #[ktest]
 fn test_map_unmap() {
-    let mut pt = PageTable::<UserMode>::empty();
+    let pt = PageTable::<UserMode>::empty();
     let from = PAGE_SIZE..PAGE_SIZE * 2;
-    let frame = VmAllocOptions::new(1).alloc_single().unwrap();
+    let frames = VmAllocOptions::new(1).alloc().unwrap();
+    let start_paddr = frames.get(0).unwrap().start_paddr();
     let prop = MapProperty::new_general(VmPerm::RW);
-    pt.map_frame(from.start, &frame, prop).unwrap();
+    pt.map_frames(from.start, frames.clone(), prop).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
+    assert_eq!(pt.query(from.start + 10).unwrap().0, start_paddr + 10);
-        pt.translate(from.start + 10).unwrap(),
-        frame.start_paddr() + 10
-    );
     pt.unmap(&from).unwrap();
-    assert!(pt.translate(from.start + 10).is_none());
+    assert!(pt.query(from.start + 10).is_none());
 
     let from_ppn = 13245..512 * 512 + 23456;
     let to_ppn = from_ppn.start - 11010..from_ppn.end - 11010;
     let from = PAGE_SIZE * from_ppn.start..PAGE_SIZE * from_ppn.end;
     let to = PAGE_SIZE * to_ppn.start..PAGE_SIZE * to_ppn.end;
-    pt.map(&from, &to, prop).unwrap();
+    unsafe { pt.map_unchecked(&from, &to, prop) };
     for i in 0..100 {
         let offset = i * (PAGE_SIZE + 1000);
-        assert_eq!(
+        assert_eq!(pt.query(from.start + offset).unwrap().0, to.start + offset);
-            pt.translate(from.start + offset).unwrap(),
-            to.start + offset
-        );
     }
     let unmap = PAGE_SIZE * 123..PAGE_SIZE * 3434;
     pt.unmap(&unmap).unwrap();
     for i in 0..100 {
         let offset = i * (PAGE_SIZE + 10);
         if unmap.start <= from.start + offset && from.start + offset < unmap.end {
-            assert!(pt.translate(from.start + offset).is_none());
+            assert!(pt.query(from.start + offset).is_none());
         } else {
-            assert_eq!(
+            assert_eq!(pt.query(from.start + offset).unwrap().0, to.start + offset);
-                pt.translate(from.start + offset).unwrap(),
-                to.start + offset
-            );
         }
     }
 }
 
+#[ktest]
+fn test_user_copy_on_write() {
+    let pt = PageTable::<UserMode>::empty();
+    let from = PAGE_SIZE..PAGE_SIZE * 2;
+    let frames = VmAllocOptions::new(1).alloc().unwrap();
+    let start_paddr = frames.get(0).unwrap().start_paddr();
+    let prop = MapProperty::new_general(VmPerm::RW);
+    pt.map_frames(from.start, frames.clone(), prop).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(pt.query(from.start + 10).unwrap().0, start_paddr + 10);
+    pt.unmap(&from).unwrap();
+    assert!(pt.query(from.start + 10).is_none());
+    pt.map_frames(from.start, frames.clone(), prop).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(pt.query(from.start + 10).unwrap().0, start_paddr + 10);
+
+    let child_pt = pt.fork_copy_on_write();
+    assert_eq!(pt.query(from.start + 10).unwrap().0, start_paddr + 10);
+    assert_eq!(child_pt.query(from.start + 10).unwrap().0, start_paddr + 10);
+    pt.unmap(&from).unwrap();
+    assert!(pt.query(from.start + 10).is_none());
+    assert_eq!(child_pt.query(from.start + 10).unwrap().0, start_paddr + 10);
+}
+
 type Qr = PageTableQueryResult;
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -79,23 +98,29 @@ impl PageTableConstsTrait for BasePageTableConsts {
 }
 
 #[ktest]
-fn test_base_protect_query() {
+fn test_base_protect_query_range() {
-    let mut pt = PageTable::<UserMode, PageTableEntry, BasePageTableConsts>::empty();
+    let pt = PageTable::<UserMode, PageTableEntry, BasePageTableConsts>::empty();
     let from_ppn = 1..1000;
     let from = PAGE_SIZE * from_ppn.start..PAGE_SIZE * from_ppn.end;
     let to = PAGE_SIZE * 1000..PAGE_SIZE * 1999;
     let prop = MapProperty::new_general(VmPerm::RW);
-    pt.map(&from, &to, prop).unwrap();
+    unsafe { pt.map_unchecked(&from, &to, prop) };
-    for (Qr { va, info }, i) in pt.query(&from).unwrap().zip(from_ppn) {
+    for (qr, i) in pt.query_range(&from).unwrap().zip(from_ppn) {
+        let Qr::MappedUntyped { va, pa, len, info } = qr else {
+            panic!("Expected MappedUntyped, got {:?}", qr);
+        };
         assert_eq!(info.prop.perm, VmPerm::RW);
         assert_eq!(info.prop.cache, CachePolicy::Writeback);
-        assert_eq!(va, i * PAGE_SIZE..(i + 1) * PAGE_SIZE);
+        assert_eq!(va..va + len, i * PAGE_SIZE..(i + 1) * PAGE_SIZE);
     }
     let prot = PAGE_SIZE * 18..PAGE_SIZE * 20;
     pt.protect(&prot, perm_op(|p| p - VmPerm::W)).unwrap();
-    for (Qr { va, info }, i) in pt.query(&prot).unwrap().zip(18..20) {
+    for (qr, i) in pt.query_range(&prot).unwrap().zip(18..20) {
+        let Qr::MappedUntyped { va, pa, len, info } = qr else {
+            panic!("Expected MappedUntyped, got {:?}", qr);
+        };
         assert_eq!(info.prop.perm, VmPerm::R);
-        assert_eq!(va, i * PAGE_SIZE..(i + 1) * PAGE_SIZE);
+        assert_eq!(va..va + len, i * PAGE_SIZE..(i + 1) * PAGE_SIZE);
     }
 }
 
@@ -110,8 +135,8 @@ impl PageTableConstsTrait for VeryHugePageTableConsts {
 }
 
 #[ktest]
-fn test_large_protect_query() {
+fn test_large_protect_query_range() {
-    let mut pt = PageTable::<UserMode, PageTableEntry, VeryHugePageTableConsts>::empty();
+    let pt = PageTable::<UserMode, PageTableEntry, VeryHugePageTableConsts>::empty();
     let gmult = 512 * 512;
     let from_ppn = gmult - 512..gmult + gmult + 514;
     let to_ppn = gmult - 512 - 512..gmult + gmult - 512 + 514;
@@ -123,20 +148,23 @@ fn test_large_protect_query() {
     let from = PAGE_SIZE * from_ppn.start..PAGE_SIZE * from_ppn.end;
     let to = PAGE_SIZE * to_ppn.start..PAGE_SIZE * to_ppn.end;
     let prop = MapProperty::new_general(VmPerm::RW);
-    pt.map(&from, &to, prop).unwrap();
+    unsafe { pt.map_unchecked(&from, &to, prop) };
-    for (Qr { va, info }, i) in pt.query(&from).unwrap().zip(0..512 + 2 + 2) {
+    for (qr, i) in pt.query_range(&from).unwrap().zip(0..512 + 2 + 2) {
+        let Qr::MappedUntyped { va, pa, len, info } = qr else {
+            panic!("Expected MappedUntyped, got {:?}", qr);
+        };
         assert_eq!(info.prop.perm, VmPerm::RW);
         assert_eq!(info.prop.cache, CachePolicy::Writeback);
         if i < 512 + 2 {
-            assert_eq!(va.start, from.start + i * PAGE_SIZE * 512);
+            assert_eq!(va, from.start + i * PAGE_SIZE * 512);
-            assert_eq!(va.end, from.start + (i + 1) * PAGE_SIZE * 512);
+            assert_eq!(va + len, from.start + (i + 1) * PAGE_SIZE * 512);
         } else {
             assert_eq!(
-                va.start,
+                va,
                 from.start + (512 + 2) * PAGE_SIZE * 512 + (i - 512 - 2) * PAGE_SIZE
             );
             assert_eq!(
-                va.end,
+                va + len,
                 from.start + (512 + 2) * PAGE_SIZE * 512 + (i - 512 - 2 + 1) * PAGE_SIZE
             );
         }
@@ -144,24 +172,33 @@ fn test_large_protect_query() {
     let ppn = from_ppn.start + 18..from_ppn.start + 20;
     let va = PAGE_SIZE * ppn.start..PAGE_SIZE * ppn.end;
     pt.protect(&va, perm_op(|p| p - VmPerm::W)).unwrap();
-    for (r, i) in pt
+    for (qr, i) in pt
-        .query(&(va.start - PAGE_SIZE..va.start))
+        .query_range(&(va.start - PAGE_SIZE..va.start))
         .unwrap()
         .zip(ppn.start - 1..ppn.start)
     {
-        assert_eq!(r.info.prop.perm, VmPerm::RW);
+        let Qr::MappedUntyped { va, pa, len, info } = qr else {
-        assert_eq!(r.va, i * PAGE_SIZE..(i + 1) * PAGE_SIZE);
+            panic!("Expected MappedUntyped, got {:?}", qr);
+        };
+        assert_eq!(info.prop.perm, VmPerm::RW);
+        assert_eq!(va..va + len, i * PAGE_SIZE..(i + 1) * PAGE_SIZE);
     }
-    for (Qr { va, info }, i) in pt.query(&va).unwrap().zip(ppn.clone()) {
+    for (qr, i) in pt.query_range(&va).unwrap().zip(ppn.clone()) {
+        let Qr::MappedUntyped { va, pa, len, info } = qr else {
+            panic!("Expected MappedUntyped, got {:?}", qr);
+        };
         assert_eq!(info.prop.perm, VmPerm::R);
-        assert_eq!(va, i * PAGE_SIZE..(i + 1) * PAGE_SIZE);
+        assert_eq!(va..va + len, i * PAGE_SIZE..(i + 1) * PAGE_SIZE);
     }
-    for (r, i) in pt
+    for (qr, i) in pt
-        .query(&(va.end..va.end + PAGE_SIZE))
+        .query_range(&(va.end..va.end + PAGE_SIZE))
         .unwrap()
         .zip(ppn.end..ppn.end + 1)
     {
-        assert_eq!(r.info.prop.perm, VmPerm::RW);
+        let Qr::MappedUntyped { va, pa, len, info } = qr else {
-        assert_eq!(r.va, i * PAGE_SIZE..(i + 1) * PAGE_SIZE);
+            panic!("Expected MappedUntyped, got {:?}", qr);
+        };
+        assert_eq!(info.prop.perm, VmPerm::RW);
+        assert_eq!(va..va + len, i * PAGE_SIZE..(i + 1) * PAGE_SIZE);
     }
 }

framework/aster-frame/src/vm/space.rs

@@ -2,14 +2,24 @@
 
 use core::ops::Range;
 
+use align_ext::AlignExt;
 use bitflags::bitflags;
 
-use super::{is_page_aligned, MapArea, MemorySet, VmFrameVec, VmIo};
+use super::{
+    is_page_aligned,
+    kspace::KERNEL_PAGE_TABLE,
+    page_table::{
+        MapInfo, MapOp, PageTable, PageTableConstsTrait, PageTableQueryResult as PtQr, UserMode,
+    },
+    VmFrameVec, VmIo, PAGE_SIZE,
+};
 use crate::{
-    arch::mm::PageTableFlags,
+    arch::mm::{PageTableConsts, PageTableEntry},
     prelude::*,
-    sync::Mutex,
+    vm::{
-    vm::{page_table::MapProperty, PAGE_SIZE},
+        page_table::{CachePolicy, MapProperty, PageTableIter},
+        VmFrame, MAX_USERSPACE_VADDR,
+    },
     Error,
 };
 
@@ -23,29 +33,28 @@ use crate::{
 ///
 /// A newly-created `VmSpace` is not backed by any physical memory pages.
 /// To provide memory pages for a `VmSpace`, one can allocate and map
-/// physical memory (`VmFrames`) to the `VmSpace`.
+/// physical memory (`VmFrame`s) to the `VmSpace`.
-
+#[derive(Debug)]
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct VmSpace {
-    memory_set: Arc<Mutex<MemorySet>>,
+    pt: PageTable<UserMode>,
 }
 
 impl VmSpace {
     /// Creates a new VM address space.
     pub fn new() -> Self {
         Self {
-            memory_set: Arc::new(Mutex::new(MemorySet::new())),
+            pt: KERNEL_PAGE_TABLE.get().unwrap().create_user_page_table(),
         }
     }
     /// Activate the page table.
-    pub fn activate(&self) {
+    pub(crate) fn activate(&self) {
-        self.memory_set.lock().pt.activate();
+        self.pt.activate();
     }
 
     /// Maps some physical memory pages into the VM space according to the given
     /// options, returning the address where the mapping is created.
     ///
-    /// the frames in variable frames will delete after executing this function
+    /// The ownership of the frames will be transferred to the `VmSpace`.
     ///
     /// For more information, see `VmMapOptions`.
     pub fn map(&self, frames: VmFrameVec, options: &VmMapOptions) -> Result<Vaddr> {
@@ -53,56 +62,49 @@ impl VmSpace {
             return Err(Error::InvalidArgs);
         }
 
-        // if can overwrite, the old mapping should be unmapped.
+        let addr = options.addr.unwrap();
-        if options.can_overwrite {
+        let size = frames.nbytes();
-            let addr = options.addr.unwrap();
+
-            let size = frames.nbytes();
+        // If overwrite is forbidden, we should check if there are existing mappings
-            let _ = self.unmap(&(addr..addr + size));
+        if !options.can_overwrite {
+            let end = addr.checked_add(size).ok_or(Error::Overflow)?;
+            for qr in self.query_range(&(addr..end)).unwrap() {
+                if matches!(qr, VmQueryResult::Mapped { .. }) {
+                    return Err(Error::MapAlreadyMappedVaddr);
+                }
+            }
         }
-        // debug!("map to vm space: 0x{:x}", options.addr.unwrap());
+        self.pt.map_frames(
+            addr,
+            frames,
+            MapProperty {
+                perm: options.perm,
+                global: false,
+                extension: 0,
+                cache: CachePolicy::Writeback,
+            },
+        )?;
 
-        let mut memory_set = self.memory_set.lock();
+        Ok(addr)
-        // FIXME: This is only a hack here. The interface of MapArea cannot simply deal with unmap part of memory,
+    }
-        // so we only map MapArea of page size now.
 
-        // Ensure that the base address is not unwrapped repeatedly
+    /// Query about a range of virtual memory.
-        // and the addresses used later will not overflow
+    /// You will get a iterator of `VmQueryResult` which contains the information of
-        let base_addr = options.addr.unwrap();
+    /// each parts of the range.
-        base_addr
+    pub fn query_range(&self, range: &Range<Vaddr>) -> Result<VmQueryIter> {
-            .checked_add(frames.len() * PAGE_SIZE)
+        Ok(VmQueryIter {
-            .ok_or(Error::Overflow)?;
+            inner: self.pt.query_range(range)?,
-        for (idx, frame) in frames.into_iter().enumerate() {
+        })
-            let addr = base_addr + idx * PAGE_SIZE;
+    }
-            let frames = VmFrameVec::from_one_frame(frame);
+
-            memory_set.map(MapArea::new(
+    /// Query about the mapping information about a byte in virtual memory.
-                addr,
+    /// This is more handy than [`query_range`], but less efficient if you want
-                PAGE_SIZE,
+    /// to query in a batch.
-                MapProperty::new_general(options.perm),
+    pub fn query(&self, vaddr: Vaddr) -> Result<Option<MapInfo>> {
-                frames,
+        if !(0..MAX_USERSPACE_VADDR).contains(&vaddr) {
-            ));
+            return Err(Error::AccessDenied);
         }
-
+        Ok(self.pt.query(vaddr).map(|(_pa, info)| info))
-        Ok(base_addr)
-    }
-
-    /// Determine whether a `vaddr` is already mapped.
-    pub fn is_mapped(&self, vaddr: Vaddr) -> bool {
-        let memory_set = self.memory_set.lock();
-        memory_set.is_mapped(vaddr)
-    }
-
-    /// Determine whether the target `vaddr` is writable based on the page table.
-    pub fn is_writable(&self, vaddr: Vaddr) -> bool {
-        let memory_set = self.memory_set.lock();
-        let info = memory_set.info(vaddr);
-        info.is_some_and(|info| info.prop.perm.contains(VmPerm::W))
-    }
-
-    /// Determine whether the target `vaddr` is executable based on the page table.
-    pub fn is_executable(&self, vaddr: Vaddr) -> bool {
-        let memory_set = self.memory_set.lock();
-        let info = memory_set.info(vaddr);
-        info.is_some_and(|info| info.prop.perm.contains(VmPerm::X))
     }
 
     /// Unmaps the physical memory pages within the VM address range.
@@ -111,51 +113,44 @@ impl VmSpace {
     /// are mapped.
     pub fn unmap(&self, range: &Range<Vaddr>) -> Result<()> {
         assert!(is_page_aligned(range.start) && is_page_aligned(range.end));
-        let mut start_va = range.start;
+        self.pt.unmap(range)?;
-        let num_pages = (range.end - range.start) / PAGE_SIZE;
-        let mut inner = self.memory_set.lock();
-        start_va
-            .checked_add(PAGE_SIZE * num_pages)
-            .ok_or(Error::Overflow)?;
-        for i in 0..num_pages {
-            inner.unmap(start_va)?;
-            start_va += PAGE_SIZE;
-        }
         Ok(())
     }
 
     /// clear all mappings
     pub fn clear(&self) {
-        self.memory_set.lock().clear();
+        // Safety: unmapping user space is safe, and we don't care unmapping
+        // invalid ranges.
+        unsafe {
+            self.pt.unmap_unchecked(&(0..MAX_USERSPACE_VADDR));
+        }
         #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
         x86_64::instructions::tlb::flush_all();
     }
 
     /// Update the VM protection permissions within the VM address range.
     ///
-    /// The entire specified VM range must have been mapped with physical
+    /// If any of the page in the given range is not mapped, it is skipped.
-    /// memory pages.
+    /// The method panics when virtual address is not aligned to base page
-    pub fn protect(&self, range: &Range<Vaddr>, perm: VmPerm) -> Result<()> {
+    /// size.
-        debug_assert!(range.start % PAGE_SIZE == 0);
+    ///
-        debug_assert!(range.end % PAGE_SIZE == 0);
+    /// TODO: It returns error when invalid operations such as protect
-        let start_page = range.start / PAGE_SIZE;
+    /// partial huge page happens, and efforts are not reverted, leaving us
-        let end_page = range.end / PAGE_SIZE;
+    /// in a bad state.
-        for page_idx in start_page..end_page {
+    pub fn protect(&self, range: &Range<Vaddr>, op: impl MapOp) -> Result<()> {
-            let addr = page_idx * PAGE_SIZE;
+        assert!(is_page_aligned(range.start) && is_page_aligned(range.end));
-            self.memory_set
+        self.pt.protect(range, op)?;
-                .lock()
-                .protect(addr, MapProperty::new_general(perm))
-        }
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    /// Deep-copy the current `VmSpace`.
+    /// To fork a new VM space with copy-on-write semantics.
     ///
-    /// The generated new `VmSpace` possesses a `MemorySet` independent from the
+    /// Both the parent and the newly forked VM space will be marked as
-    /// original `VmSpace`, with initial contents identical to the original.
+    /// read-only. And both the VM space will take handles to the same
-    pub fn deep_copy(&self) -> Self {
+    /// physical memory pages.
+    pub fn fork_copy_on_write(&self) -> Self {
         Self {
-            memory_set: Arc::new(Mutex::new(self.memory_set.lock().clone())),
+            pt: self.pt.fork_copy_on_write(),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -168,11 +163,37 @@ impl Default for VmSpace {
 
 impl VmIo for VmSpace {
     fn read_bytes(&self, vaddr: usize, buf: &mut [u8]) -> Result<()> {
-        self.memory_set.lock().read_bytes(vaddr, buf)
+        let range_end = vaddr.checked_add(buf.len()).ok_or(Error::Overflow)?;
+        let vaddr = vaddr.align_down(PAGE_SIZE);
+        let range_end = range_end.align_up(PAGE_SIZE);
+        for qr in self.query_range(&(vaddr..range_end))? {
+            if matches!(qr, VmQueryResult::NotMapped { .. }) {
+                return Err(Error::AccessDenied);
+            }
+        }
+        self.activate();
+        buf.clone_from_slice(unsafe { core::slice::from_raw_parts(vaddr as *const u8, buf.len()) });
+        Ok(())
     }
 
     fn write_bytes(&self, vaddr: usize, buf: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
-        self.memory_set.lock().write_bytes(vaddr, buf)
+        let range_end = vaddr.checked_add(buf.len()).ok_or(Error::Overflow)?;
+        let vaddr = vaddr.align_down(PAGE_SIZE);
+        let range_end = range_end.align_up(PAGE_SIZE);
+        for qr in self.query_range(&(vaddr..vaddr + range_end))? {
+            match qr {
+                VmQueryResult::NotMapped { .. } => return Err(Error::AccessDenied),
+                VmQueryResult::Mapped { info, .. } => {
+                    if !info.prop.perm.contains(VmPerm::W) {
+                        return Err(Error::AccessDenied);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        self.activate();
+        unsafe { core::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(vaddr as *mut u8, buf.len()) }
+            .clone_from_slice(buf);
+        Ok(())
     }
 }
 
@@ -195,7 +216,7 @@ impl VmMapOptions {
     pub fn new() -> Self {
         Self {
             addr: None,
-            align: PAGE_SIZE,
+            align: PageTableConsts::BASE_PAGE_SIZE,
             perm: VmPerm::empty(),
             can_overwrite: false,
         }
@@ -283,16 +304,32 @@ impl TryFrom<u64> for VmPerm {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<VmPerm> for PageTableFlags {
+/// The iterator for querying over the VM space without modifying it.
-    fn from(vm_perm: VmPerm) -> Self {
+pub struct VmQueryIter<'a> {
-        let mut flags = PageTableFlags::PRESENT | PageTableFlags::USER;
+    inner: PageTableIter<'a, UserMode, PageTableEntry, PageTableConsts>,
-        if vm_perm.contains(VmPerm::W) {
+}
-            flags |= PageTableFlags::WRITABLE;
+
-        }
+pub enum VmQueryResult {
-        // FIXME: how to respect executable flags?
+    NotMapped {
-        if !vm_perm.contains(VmPerm::X) {
+        va: Vaddr,
-            flags |= PageTableFlags::NO_EXECUTE;
+        len: usize,
-        }
+    },
-        flags
+    Mapped {
+        va: Vaddr,
+        frame: VmFrame,
+        info: MapInfo,
+    },
+}
+
+impl Iterator for VmQueryIter<'_> {
+    type Item = VmQueryResult;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.inner.next().map(|ptqr| match ptqr {
+            PtQr::NotMapped { va, len } => VmQueryResult::NotMapped { va, len },
+            PtQr::Mapped { va, frame, info } => VmQueryResult::Mapped { va, frame, info },
+            // It is not possible to map untyped memory in user space.
+            PtQr::MappedUntyped { va, pa, len, info } => unreachable!(),
+        })
     }
 }

kernel/aster-nix/src/error.rs

@@ -190,6 +190,7 @@ impl From<aster_frame::Error> for Error {
             aster_frame::Error::NotEnoughResources => Error::new(Errno::EBUSY),
             aster_frame::Error::PageFault => Error::new(Errno::EFAULT),
             aster_frame::Error::Overflow => Error::new(Errno::EOVERFLOW),
+            aster_frame::Error::MapAlreadyMappedVaddr => Error::new(Errno::EINVAL),
         }
     }
 }

kernel/aster-nix/src/vm/vmar/mod.rs

@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ impl<R> PageFaultHandler for Vmar<R> {
 
 impl<R> Vmar<R> {
     /// FIXME: This function should require access control
-    pub fn vm_space(&self) -> &VmSpace {
+    pub fn vm_space(&self) -> &Arc<VmSpace> {
         self.0.vm_space()
     }
 }
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ pub(super) struct Vmar_ {
     /// The total size of the VMAR in bytes
     size: usize,
     /// The attached vmspace
-    vm_space: VmSpace,
+    vm_space: Arc<VmSpace>,
     /// The parent vmar. If points to none, this is a root vmar
     parent: Weak<Vmar_>,
 }
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ impl Interval<usize> for Arc<Vmar_> {
 impl Vmar_ {
     fn new(
         inner: VmarInner,
-        vm_space: VmSpace,
+        vm_space: Arc<VmSpace>,
         base: usize,
         size: usize,
         parent: Option<&Arc<Vmar_>>,
@@ -172,7 +172,13 @@ impl Vmar_ {
             vm_mappings: BTreeMap::new(),
             free_regions,
         };
-        Vmar_::new(vmar_inner, VmSpace::new(), 0, ROOT_VMAR_CAP_ADDR, None)
+        Vmar_::new(
+            vmar_inner,
+            Arc::new(VmSpace::new()),
+            0,
+            ROOT_VMAR_CAP_ADDR,
+            None,
+        )
     }
 
     fn is_root_vmar(&self) -> bool {
@@ -611,7 +617,7 @@ impl Vmar_ {
     }
 
     /// Returns the attached `VmSpace`.
-    pub(super) fn vm_space(&self) -> &VmSpace {
+    pub(super) fn vm_space(&self) -> &Arc<VmSpace> {
         &self.vm_space
     }
 
@@ -708,15 +714,6 @@ impl Vmar_ {
         self.new_cow(None)
     }
 
-    /// Set the entries in the page table associated with the current `Vmar` to read-only.
-    fn set_pt_read_only(&self) -> Result<()> {
-        let inner = self.inner.lock();
-        for (map_addr, vm_mapping) in &inner.vm_mappings {
-            vm_mapping.set_pt_read_only(self.vm_space())?;
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
     /// Create a new vmar by creating cow child for all mapped vmos.
     fn new_cow(&self, parent: Option<&Arc<Vmar_>>) -> Result<Arc<Self>> {
         let new_vmar_ = {
@@ -724,17 +721,11 @@ impl Vmar_ {
             // If this is not a root `Vmar`, we clone the `VmSpace` from parent.
             //
             // If this is a root `Vmar`, we leverage Copy-On-Write (COW) mechanism to
-            // clone the `VmSpace` to the child. We set all the page table entries
+            // clone the `VmSpace` to the child.
-            // in current `VmSpace` to be read-only, then clone the `VmSpace` to the child.
-            // In this way, initially, the child shares the same page table contents
-            // as the current `Vmar`. Later on, whether the current `Vmar` or the child
-            // `Vmar` needs to perform a write operation, the COW mechanism will be triggered,
-            // creating a new page for writing.
             let vm_space = if let Some(parent) = parent {
                 parent.vm_space().clone()
             } else {
-                self.set_pt_read_only()?;
+                Arc::new(self.vm_space().fork_copy_on_write())
-                self.vm_space().deep_copy()
             };
             Vmar_::new(vmar_inner, vm_space, self.base, self.size, parent)
         };

kernel/aster-nix/src/vm/vmar/vm_mapping.rs

@@ -131,22 +131,6 @@ impl VmMapping {
         &self.vmo
     }
 
-    /// Set the entries in the page table associated with the current `VmMapping` to read-only.
-    pub(super) fn set_pt_read_only(&self, vm_space: &VmSpace) -> Result<()> {
-        let map_inner = self.inner.lock();
-        let mapped_addr = &map_inner.mapped_pages;
-        let perm = map_inner.perm;
-        if !perm.contains(VmPerm::W) {
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-
-        for page_idx in mapped_addr {
-            let map_addr = map_inner.page_map_addr(*page_idx);
-            vm_space.protect(&(map_addr..map_addr + PAGE_SIZE), perm - VmPerm::W)?;
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
     /// Add a new committed page and map it to vmspace. If copy on write is set, it's allowed to unmap the page at the same address.
     /// FIXME: This implementation based on the truth that we map one page at a time. If multiple pages are mapped together, this implementation may have problems
     pub(super) fn map_one_page(
@@ -214,7 +198,9 @@ impl VmMapping {
             // The `VmMapping` has the write permission but the corresponding PTE is present and is read-only.
             // This means this PTE is set to read-only due to the COW mechanism. In this situation we need to trigger a
             // page fault before writing at the VMO to guarantee the consistency between VMO and the page table.
-            let need_page_fault = vm_space.is_mapped(page_addr) && !vm_space.is_writable(page_addr);
+            let need_page_fault = vm_space
+                .query(page_addr)?
+                .is_some_and(|info| !info.contains(VmPerm::W));
             if need_page_fault {
                 self.handle_page_fault(page_addr, false, true)?;
             }
@@ -478,7 +464,7 @@ impl VmMappingInner {
         };
 
         // Cow child allows unmapping the mapped page.
-        if vmo.is_cow_vmo() && vm_space.is_mapped(map_addr) {
+        if vmo.is_cow_vmo() && vm_space.query(map_addr)?.is_some() {
             vm_space.unmap(&(map_addr..(map_addr + PAGE_SIZE))).unwrap();
         }
 
@@ -490,7 +476,7 @@ impl VmMappingInner {
     fn unmap_one_page(&mut self, vm_space: &VmSpace, page_idx: usize) -> Result<()> {
         let map_addr = self.page_map_addr(page_idx);
         let range = map_addr..(map_addr + PAGE_SIZE);
-        if vm_space.is_mapped(map_addr) {
+        if vm_space.query(map_addr)?.is_some() {
             vm_space.unmap(&range)?;
         }
         self.mapped_pages.remove(&page_idx);
@@ -531,7 +517,7 @@ impl VmMappingInner {
         let perm = VmPerm::from(perms);
         for page_idx in start_page..end_page {
             let page_addr = self.page_map_addr(page_idx);
-            if vm_space.is_mapped(page_addr) {
+            if vm_space.query(page_addr)?.is_some() {
                 // If the page is already mapped, we will modify page table
                 let page_range = page_addr..(page_addr + PAGE_SIZE);
                 vm_space.protect(&page_range, perm)?;