diff --git a/kernel/src/fs/exfat/fs.rs b/kernel/src/fs/exfat/fs.rs
index 979ae8709..3ceafbac9 100644
--- a/kernel/src/fs/exfat/fs.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/fs/exfat/fs.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use aster_block::{
 };
 use hashbrown::HashMap;
 use lru::LruCache;
-use ostd::mm::UFrame;
+use ostd::mm::Segment;
 pub(super) use ostd::mm::VmIo;
 
 use super::{
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ use super::{
 use crate::{
     fs::{
         exfat::{constants::*, inode::Ino},
-        utils::{FileSystem, FsFlags, Inode, PageCache, PageCacheBackend, SuperBlock},
+        utils::{CachePage, FileSystem, FsFlags, Inode, PageCache, PageCacheBackend, SuperBlock},
     },
     prelude::*,
 };
@@ -368,24 +368,28 @@ impl ExfatFS {
 }
 
 impl PageCacheBackend for ExfatFS {
-    fn read_page_async(&self, idx: usize, frame: &UFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
+    fn read_page_async(&self, idx: usize, frame: &CachePage) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
         if self.fs_size() < idx * PAGE_SIZE {
             return_errno_with_message!(Errno::EINVAL, "invalid read size")
         }
-        let bio_segment =
-            BioSegment::new_from_segment(frame.clone().into(), BioDirection::FromDevice);
+        let bio_segment = BioSegment::new_from_segment(
+            Segment::from(frame.clone()).into(),
+            BioDirection::FromDevice,
+        );
         let waiter = self
             .block_device
             .read_blocks_async(BlockId::new(idx as u64), bio_segment)?;
         Ok(waiter)
     }
 
-    fn write_page_async(&self, idx: usize, frame: &UFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
+    fn write_page_async(&self, idx: usize, frame: &CachePage) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
         if self.fs_size() < idx * PAGE_SIZE {
             return_errno_with_message!(Errno::EINVAL, "invalid write size")
         }
-        let bio_segment =
-            BioSegment::new_from_segment(frame.clone().into(), BioDirection::ToDevice);
+        let bio_segment = BioSegment::new_from_segment(
+            Segment::from(frame.clone()).into(),
+            BioDirection::ToDevice,
+        );
         let waiter = self
             .block_device
             .write_blocks_async(BlockId::new(idx as u64), bio_segment)?;
diff --git a/kernel/src/fs/exfat/inode.rs b/kernel/src/fs/exfat/inode.rs
index 922cfcf98..44c4ed747 100644
--- a/kernel/src/fs/exfat/inode.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/fs/exfat/inode.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ use aster_block::{
     BLOCK_SIZE,
 };
 use aster_rights::Full;
-use ostd::mm::{UFrame, VmIo};
+use ostd::mm::{Segment, VmIo};
 
 use super::{
     constants::*,
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ use crate::{
     fs::{
         exfat::{dentry::ExfatDentryIterator, fat::ExfatChain, fs::ExfatFS},
         utils::{
-            DirentVisitor, Extension, Inode, InodeMode, InodeType, IoctlCmd, Metadata, MknodType,
-            PageCache, PageCacheBackend,
+            CachePage, DirentVisitor, Extension, Inode, InodeMode, InodeType, IoctlCmd, Metadata,
+            MknodType, PageCache, PageCacheBackend,
         },
     },
     prelude::*,
@@ -135,14 +135,16 @@ struct ExfatInodeInner {
 }
 
 impl PageCacheBackend for ExfatInode {
-    fn read_page_async(&self, idx: usize, frame: &UFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
+    fn read_page_async(&self, idx: usize, frame: &CachePage) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
         let inner = self.inner.read();
         if inner.size < idx * PAGE_SIZE {
             return_errno_with_message!(Errno::EINVAL, "Invalid read size")
         }
         let sector_id = inner.get_sector_id(idx * PAGE_SIZE / inner.fs().sector_size())?;
-        let bio_segment =
-            BioSegment::new_from_segment(frame.clone().into(), BioDirection::FromDevice);
+        let bio_segment = BioSegment::new_from_segment(
+            Segment::from(frame.clone()).into(),
+            BioDirection::FromDevice,
+        );
         let waiter = inner.fs().block_device().read_blocks_async(
             BlockId::from_offset(sector_id * inner.fs().sector_size()),
             bio_segment,
@@ -150,7 +152,7 @@ impl PageCacheBackend for ExfatInode {
         Ok(waiter)
     }
 
-    fn write_page_async(&self, idx: usize, frame: &UFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
+    fn write_page_async(&self, idx: usize, frame: &CachePage) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
         let inner = self.inner.read();
         let sector_size = inner.fs().sector_size();
 
@@ -158,8 +160,10 @@ impl PageCacheBackend for ExfatInode {
 
         // FIXME: We may need to truncate the file if write_page fails.
         // To fix this issue, we need to change the interface of the PageCacheBackend trait.
-        let bio_segment =
-            BioSegment::new_from_segment(frame.clone().into(), BioDirection::ToDevice);
+        let bio_segment = BioSegment::new_from_segment(
+            Segment::from(frame.clone()).into(),
+            BioDirection::ToDevice,
+        );
         let waiter = inner.fs().block_device().write_blocks_async(
             BlockId::from_offset(sector_id * inner.fs().sector_size()),
             bio_segment,
diff --git a/kernel/src/fs/ext2/block_group.rs b/kernel/src/fs/ext2/block_group.rs
index ebf65e787..2e86fc7d8 100644
--- a/kernel/src/fs/ext2/block_group.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/fs/ext2/block_group.rs
@@ -318,20 +318,24 @@ impl Debug for BlockGroup {
 }
 
 impl PageCacheBackend for BlockGroupImpl {
-    fn read_page_async(&self, idx: usize, frame: &UFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
+    fn read_page_async(&self, idx: usize, frame: &CachePage) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
         let bid = self.inode_table_bid + idx as Ext2Bid;
-        let bio_segment =
-            BioSegment::new_from_segment(frame.clone().into(), BioDirection::FromDevice);
+        let bio_segment = BioSegment::new_from_segment(
+            Segment::from(frame.clone()).into(),
+            BioDirection::FromDevice,
+        );
         self.fs
             .upgrade()
             .unwrap()
             .read_blocks_async(bid, bio_segment)
     }
 
-    fn write_page_async(&self, idx: usize, frame: &UFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
+    fn write_page_async(&self, idx: usize, frame: &CachePage) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
         let bid = self.inode_table_bid + idx as Ext2Bid;
-        let bio_segment =
-            BioSegment::new_from_segment(frame.clone().into(), BioDirection::ToDevice);
+        let bio_segment = BioSegment::new_from_segment(
+            Segment::from(frame.clone()).into(),
+            BioDirection::ToDevice,
+        );
         self.fs
             .upgrade()
             .unwrap()
diff --git a/kernel/src/fs/ext2/fs.rs b/kernel/src/fs/ext2/fs.rs
index 5a3e31a47..4c9bd9c42 100644
--- a/kernel/src/fs/ext2/fs.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/fs/ext2/fs.rs
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ impl Ext2 {
             "currently only support 4096-byte block size"
         );
 
-        let group_descriptors_segment = {
+        let group_descriptors_segment: USegment = {
             let npages = ((super_block.block_groups_count() as usize)
                 * core::mem::size_of::<RawGroupDescriptor>())
             .div_ceil(BLOCK_SIZE);
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ impl Ext2 {
                     return Err(Error::from(err_status));
                 }
             }
-            segment
+            segment.into()
         };
 
         // Load the block groups information
@@ -88,12 +88,12 @@ impl Ext2 {
             block_groups: load_block_groups(
                 weak_ref.clone(),
                 block_device.as_ref(),
-                (&group_descriptors_segment).into(),
+                &group_descriptors_segment,
             )
             .unwrap(),
             block_device,
             super_block: RwMutex::new(Dirty::new(super_block)),
-            group_descriptors_segment: group_descriptors_segment.into(),
+            group_descriptors_segment,
             self_ref: weak_ref.clone(),
         });
         Ok(ext2)
diff --git a/kernel/src/fs/ext2/inode.rs b/kernel/src/fs/ext2/inode.rs
index 5c71ac4eb..7d3fd85f4 100644
--- a/kernel/src/fs/ext2/inode.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/fs/ext2/inode.rs
@@ -1733,7 +1733,7 @@ impl InodeImpl {
         writer: &mut VmWriter,
     ) -> Result<BioWaiter>;
     pub fn read_blocks(&self, bid: Ext2Bid, nblocks: usize, writer: &mut VmWriter) -> Result<()>;
-    pub fn read_block_async(&self, bid: Ext2Bid, frame: &UFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter>;
+    pub fn read_block_async(&self, bid: Ext2Bid, frame: &CachePage) -> Result<BioWaiter>;
     pub fn write_blocks_async(
         &self,
         bid: Ext2Bid,
@@ -1741,7 +1741,7 @@ impl InodeImpl {
         reader: &mut VmReader,
     ) -> Result<BioWaiter>;
     pub fn write_blocks(&self, bid: Ext2Bid, nblocks: usize, reader: &mut VmReader) -> Result<()>;
-    pub fn write_block_async(&self, bid: Ext2Bid, frame: &UFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter>;
+    pub fn write_block_async(&self, bid: Ext2Bid, frame: &CachePage) -> Result<BioWaiter>;
 }
 
 /// Manages the inode blocks and block I/O operations.
@@ -1789,13 +1789,15 @@ impl InodeBlockManager {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn read_block_async(&self, bid: Ext2Bid, frame: &UFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
+    pub fn read_block_async(&self, bid: Ext2Bid, frame: &CachePage) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
         let mut bio_waiter = BioWaiter::new();
 
         for dev_range in DeviceRangeReader::new(self, bid..bid + 1 as Ext2Bid)? {
             let start_bid = dev_range.start as Ext2Bid;
-            let bio_segment =
-                BioSegment::new_from_segment(frame.clone().into(), BioDirection::FromDevice);
+            let bio_segment = BioSegment::new_from_segment(
+                Segment::from(frame.clone()).into(),
+                BioDirection::FromDevice,
+            );
             let waiter = self.fs().read_blocks_async(start_bid, bio_segment)?;
             bio_waiter.concat(waiter);
         }
@@ -1834,13 +1836,15 @@ impl InodeBlockManager {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn write_block_async(&self, bid: Ext2Bid, frame: &UFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
+    pub fn write_block_async(&self, bid: Ext2Bid, frame: &CachePage) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
         let mut bio_waiter = BioWaiter::new();
 
         for dev_range in DeviceRangeReader::new(self, bid..bid + 1 as Ext2Bid)? {
             let start_bid = dev_range.start as Ext2Bid;
-            let bio_segment =
-                BioSegment::new_from_segment(frame.clone().into(), BioDirection::ToDevice);
+            let bio_segment = BioSegment::new_from_segment(
+                Segment::from(frame.clone()).into(),
+                BioDirection::ToDevice,
+            );
             let waiter = self.fs().write_blocks_async(start_bid, bio_segment)?;
             bio_waiter.concat(waiter);
         }
@@ -1858,12 +1862,12 @@ impl InodeBlockManager {
 }
 
 impl PageCacheBackend for InodeBlockManager {
-    fn read_page_async(&self, idx: usize, frame: &UFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
+    fn read_page_async(&self, idx: usize, frame: &CachePage) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
         let bid = idx as Ext2Bid;
         self.read_block_async(bid, frame)
     }
 
-    fn write_page_async(&self, idx: usize, frame: &UFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
+    fn write_page_async(&self, idx: usize, frame: &CachePage) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
         let bid = idx as Ext2Bid;
         self.write_block_async(bid, frame)
     }
diff --git a/kernel/src/fs/ext2/prelude.rs b/kernel/src/fs/ext2/prelude.rs
index ce780a61d..ead2bb334 100644
--- a/kernel/src/fs/ext2/prelude.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/fs/ext2/prelude.rs
@@ -13,14 +13,16 @@ pub(super) use aster_block::{
 };
 pub(super) use aster_rights::Full;
 pub(super) use ostd::{
-    mm::{Frame, FrameAllocOptions, Segment, UFrame, USegment, VmIo},
+    mm::{Frame, FrameAllocOptions, Segment, USegment, VmIo},
     sync::{RwMutex, RwMutexReadGuard, RwMutexWriteGuard},
 };
 pub(super) use static_assertions::const_assert;
 
 pub(super) use super::utils::{Dirty, IsPowerOf};
 pub(super) use crate::{
-    fs::utils::{CStr256, DirentVisitor, InodeType, PageCache, PageCacheBackend, Str16, Str64},
+    fs::utils::{
+        CStr256, CachePage, DirentVisitor, InodeType, PageCache, PageCacheBackend, Str16, Str64,
+    },
     prelude::*,
     time::UnixTime,
     vm::vmo::Vmo,
diff --git a/kernel/src/fs/ramfs/fs.rs b/kernel/src/fs/ramfs/fs.rs
index f14cd266e..1b798b48f 100644
--- a/kernel/src/fs/ramfs/fs.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/fs/ramfs/fs.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use aster_rights::Full;
 use aster_util::slot_vec::SlotVec;
 use hashbrown::HashMap;
 use ostd::{
-    mm::{UFrame, UntypedMem, VmIo},
+    mm::{UntypedMem, VmIo},
     sync::{PreemptDisabled, RwLockWriteGuard},
 };
 
@@ -23,8 +23,9 @@ use crate::{
         file_handle::FileLike,
         named_pipe::NamedPipe,
         utils::{
-            CStr256, DirentVisitor, Extension, FallocMode, FileSystem, FsFlags, Inode, InodeMode,
-            InodeType, IoctlCmd, Metadata, MknodType, PageCache, PageCacheBackend, SuperBlock,
+            CStr256, CachePage, DirentVisitor, Extension, FallocMode, FileSystem, FsFlags, Inode,
+            InodeMode, InodeType, IoctlCmd, Metadata, MknodType, PageCache, PageCacheBackend,
+            SuperBlock,
         },
     },
     prelude::*,
@@ -484,7 +485,7 @@ impl RamInode {
 }
 
 impl PageCacheBackend for RamInode {
-    fn read_page_async(&self, _idx: usize, frame: &UFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
+    fn read_page_async(&self, _idx: usize, frame: &CachePage) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
         // Initially, any block/page in a RamFs inode contains all zeros
         frame
             .writer()
@@ -494,7 +495,7 @@ impl PageCacheBackend for RamInode {
         Ok(BioWaiter::new())
     }
 
-    fn write_page_async(&self, _idx: usize, _frame: &UFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
+    fn write_page_async(&self, _idx: usize, _frame: &CachePage) -> Result<BioWaiter> {
         // do nothing
         Ok(BioWaiter::new())
     }
diff --git a/kernel/src/fs/utils/mod.rs b/kernel/src/fs/utils/mod.rs
index d9381c2ad..058639632 100644
--- a/kernel/src/fs/utils/mod.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/fs/utils/mod.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ pub use flock::{FlockItem, FlockList, FlockType};
 pub use fs::{FileSystem, FsFlags, SuperBlock};
 pub use inode::{Extension, Inode, InodeMode, InodeType, Metadata, MknodType, Permission};
 pub use ioctl::IoctlCmd;
-pub use page_cache::{PageCache, PageCacheBackend};
+pub use page_cache::{CachePage, PageCache, PageCacheBackend};
 pub use random_test::{generate_random_operation, new_fs_in_memory};
 pub use range_lock::{
     FileRange, RangeLockItem, RangeLockItemBuilder, RangeLockList, RangeLockType, OFFSET_MAX,
diff --git a/kernel/src/fs/utils/page_cache.rs b/kernel/src/fs/utils/page_cache.rs
index 0689df2a5..990f27323 100644
--- a/kernel/src/fs/utils/page_cache.rs
+++ b/kernel/src/fs/utils/page_cache.rs
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ impl ReadaheadState {
         };
         for async_idx in window.readahead_range() {
             let mut async_page = CachePage::alloc()?;
-            let pg_waiter = backend.read_page_async(async_idx, (&async_page).into())?;
+            let pg_waiter = backend.read_page_async(async_idx, &async_page)?;
             if pg_waiter.nreqs() > 0 {
                 self.waiter.concat(pg_waiter);
             } else {
@@ -368,7 +368,7 @@ impl PageCacheManager {
         for idx in page_idx_range.start..page_idx_range.end {
             if let Some(page) = pages.peek(&idx) {
                 if page.load_state() == PageState::Dirty && idx < backend_npages {
-                    let waiter = backend.write_page_async(idx, page.into())?;
+                    let waiter = backend.write_page_async(idx, page)?;
                     bio_waiter.concat(waiter);
                 }
             }
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ impl PageCacheManager {
             // Conducts the sync read operation.
             let page = if idx < backend.npages() {
                 let mut page = CachePage::alloc()?;
-                backend.read_page(idx, (&page).into())?;
+                backend.read_page(idx, &page)?;
                 page.store_state(PageState::UpToDate);
                 page
             } else {
@@ -468,7 +468,7 @@ impl Pager for PageCacheManager {
                     return Ok(());
                 };
                 if idx < backend.npages() {
-                    backend.write_page(idx, (&page).into())?;
+                    backend.write_page(idx, &page)?;
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -573,16 +573,16 @@ impl AtomicPageState {
 /// This trait represents the backend for the page cache.
 pub trait PageCacheBackend: Sync + Send {
     /// Reads a page from the backend asynchronously.
-    fn read_page_async(&self, idx: usize, frame: &UFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter>;
+    fn read_page_async(&self, idx: usize, frame: &CachePage) -> Result<BioWaiter>;
     /// Writes a page to the backend asynchronously.
-    fn write_page_async(&self, idx: usize, frame: &UFrame) -> Result<BioWaiter>;
+    fn write_page_async(&self, idx: usize, frame: &CachePage) -> Result<BioWaiter>;
     /// Returns the number of pages in the backend.
     fn npages(&self) -> usize;
 }
 
 impl dyn PageCacheBackend {
     /// Reads a page from the backend synchronously.
-    fn read_page(&self, idx: usize, frame: &UFrame) -> Result<()> {
+    fn read_page(&self, idx: usize, frame: &CachePage) -> Result<()> {
         let waiter = self.read_page_async(idx, frame)?;
         match waiter.wait() {
             Some(BioStatus::Complete) => Ok(()),
@@ -590,7 +590,7 @@ impl dyn PageCacheBackend {
         }
     }
     /// Writes a page to the backend synchronously.
-    fn write_page(&self, idx: usize, frame: &UFrame) -> Result<()> {
+    fn write_page(&self, idx: usize, frame: &CachePage) -> Result<()> {
         let waiter = self.write_page_async(idx, frame)?;
         match waiter.wait() {
             Some(BioStatus::Complete) => Ok(()),
diff --git a/ostd/src/mm/frame/mod.rs b/ostd/src/mm/frame/mod.rs
index 0486e1a06..e11a4cceb 100644
--- a/ostd/src/mm/frame/mod.rs
+++ b/ostd/src/mm/frame/mod.rs
@@ -307,13 +307,6 @@ impl<M: AnyUFrameMeta> From<Frame<M>> for UFrame {
     }
 }
 
-impl<M: AnyUFrameMeta> From<&Frame<M>> for &UFrame {
-    fn from(frame: &Frame<M>) -> Self {
-        // SAFETY: The metadata is coerceable and the struct is transmutable.
-        unsafe { core::mem::transmute(frame) }
-    }
-}
-
 impl From<UFrame> for Frame<dyn AnyFrameMeta> {
     fn from(frame: UFrame) -> Self {
         // SAFETY: The metadata is coerceable and the struct is transmutable.
diff --git a/ostd/src/mm/frame/segment.rs b/ostd/src/mm/frame/segment.rs
index 6e41036ff..ac86a916e 100644
--- a/ostd/src/mm/frame/segment.rs
+++ b/ostd/src/mm/frame/segment.rs
@@ -231,13 +231,6 @@ impl<M: AnyUFrameMeta> From<Segment<M>> for USegment {
     }
 }
 
-impl<M: AnyUFrameMeta> From<&Segment<M>> for &USegment {
-    fn from(seg: &Segment<M>) -> Self {
-        // SAFETY: The metadata is coerceable and the struct is transmutable.
-        unsafe { core::mem::transmute(seg) }
-    }
-}
-
 impl TryFrom<Segment<dyn AnyFrameMeta>> for USegment {
     type Error = Segment<dyn AnyFrameMeta>;