feat: add support for raw secret values

Load the secret value from the RawValue field, if it is empty, use the
string value. Add unit tests for the creation handler.

Refactor secret parser tests.

Resolves #208

Signed-off-by: Lucas Roesler <roesler.lucas@gmail.com>

README.md

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 # faasd - a lightweight & portable faas engine
 
+[![Sponsor this](https://img.shields.io/static/v1?label=Sponsor&message=%E2%9D%A4&logo=GitHub&link=https://github.com/sponsors/openfaas)](https://github.com/sponsors/openfaas)
 [![Build Status](https://github.com/openfaas/faasd/workflows/build/badge.svg?branch=master)](https://github.com/openfaas/faasd/actions)
 [![License: MIT](https://img.shields.io/badge/License-MIT-yellow.svg)](https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)
 [![OpenFaaS](https://img.shields.io/badge/openfaas-serverless-blue.svg)](https://www.openfaas.com)

cloud-config.txt

@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ runcmd:
 - mkdir -p /opt/cni/bin
 - curl -sSL https://github.com/containernetworking/plugins/releases/download/v0.8.5/cni-plugins-linux-amd64-v0.8.5.tgz | tar -xz -C /opt/cni/bin
 - mkdir -p /go/src/github.com/openfaas/
-- cd /go/src/github.com/openfaas/ && git clone --depth 1 --branch 0.12.5 https://github.com/openfaas/faasd
+- cd /go/src/github.com/openfaas/ && git clone --depth 1 --branch 0.13.0 https://github.com/openfaas/faasd
-- curl -fSLs "https://github.com/openfaas/faasd/releases/download/0.12.5/faasd" --output "/usr/local/bin/faasd" && chmod a+x "/usr/local/bin/faasd"
+- curl -fSLs "https://github.com/openfaas/faasd/releases/download/0.13.0/faasd" --output "/usr/local/bin/faasd" && chmod a+x "/usr/local/bin/faasd"
 - cd /go/src/github.com/openfaas/faasd/ && /usr/local/bin/faasd install
 - systemctl status -l containerd --no-pager
 - journalctl -u faasd-provider --no-pager

cmd/install.go

@@ -109,7 +109,16 @@ func binExists(folder, name string) error {
 	}
 	return nil
 }
+func ensureSecretsDir(folder string) error {
+	if _, err := os.Stat(folder); err != nil {
+		err = os.MkdirAll(folder, secretDirPermission)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
 
+	return nil
+}
 func ensureWorkingDir(folder string) error {
 	if _, err := os.Stat(folder); err != nil {
 		err = os.MkdirAll(folder, workingDirectoryPermission)

cmd/provider.go

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 package cmd
 
 import (
-	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
+	"io"
 	"io/ioutil"
 	"log"
 	"net/http"
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/openfaas/faas-provider/logs"
 	"github.com/openfaas/faas-provider/proxy"
 	"github.com/openfaas/faas-provider/types"
+	faasd "github.com/openfaas/faasd/pkg"
 	"github.com/openfaas/faasd/pkg/cninetwork"
 	faasdlogs "github.com/openfaas/faasd/pkg/logs"
 	"github.com/openfaas/faasd/pkg/provider/config"
@@ -21,6 +22,8 @@ import (
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )
 
+const secretDirPermission = 0755
+
 func makeProviderCmd() *cobra.Command {
 	var command = &cobra.Command{
 		Use:   "provider",
@@ -82,20 +85,25 @@ func makeProviderCmd() *cobra.Command {
 
 		invokeResolver := handlers.NewInvokeResolver(client)
 
-		userSecretPath := path.Join(wd, "secrets")
+		baseUserSecretsPath := path.Join(wd, "secrets")
+		if err := moveSecretsToDefaultNamespaceSecrets(
+			baseUserSecretsPath,
+			faasd.DefaultFunctionNamespace); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 
 		bootstrapHandlers := types.FaaSHandlers{
 			FunctionProxy:        proxy.NewHandlerFunc(*config, invokeResolver),
 			DeleteHandler:        handlers.MakeDeleteHandler(client, cni),
-			DeployHandler:        handlers.MakeDeployHandler(client, cni, userSecretPath, alwaysPull),
+			DeployHandler:        handlers.MakeDeployHandler(client, cni, baseUserSecretsPath, alwaysPull),
 			FunctionReader:       handlers.MakeReadHandler(client),
 			ReplicaReader:        handlers.MakeReplicaReaderHandler(client),
 			ReplicaUpdater:       handlers.MakeReplicaUpdateHandler(client, cni),
-			UpdateHandler:        handlers.MakeUpdateHandler(client, cni, userSecretPath, alwaysPull),
+			UpdateHandler:        handlers.MakeUpdateHandler(client, cni, baseUserSecretsPath, alwaysPull),
 			HealthHandler:        func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {},
 			InfoHandler:          handlers.MakeInfoHandler(Version, GitCommit),
-			ListNamespaceHandler: listNamespaces(),
+			ListNamespaceHandler: handlers.MakeNamespacesLister(client),
-			SecretHandler:        handlers.MakeSecretHandler(client, userSecretPath),
+			SecretHandler:        handlers.MakeSecretHandler(client, baseUserSecretsPath),
 			LogHandler:           logs.NewLogHandlerFunc(faasdlogs.New(), config.ReadTimeout),
 		}
 
@@ -107,10 +115,62 @@ func makeProviderCmd() *cobra.Command {
 	return command
 }
 
-func listNamespaces() func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+/*
-	return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+* Mutiple namespace support was added after release 0.13.0
-		list := []string{""}
+* Function will help users to migrate on multiple namespace support of faasd
-		out, _ := json.Marshal(list)
+ */
-		w.Write(out)
+func moveSecretsToDefaultNamespaceSecrets(baseSecretPath string, defaultNamespace string) error {
+	newSecretPath := path.Join(baseSecretPath, defaultNamespace)
+
+	err := ensureSecretsDir(newSecretPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	files, err := ioutil.ReadDir(baseSecretPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	for _, f := range files {
+		if !f.IsDir() {
+
+			newPath := path.Join(newSecretPath, f.Name())
+
+			// A non-nil error means the file wasn't found in the
+			// destination path
+			if _, err := os.Stat(newPath); err != nil {
+				oldPath := path.Join(baseSecretPath, f.Name())
+
+				if err := copyFile(oldPath, newPath); err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+
+				log.Printf("[Migration] Copied %s to %s", oldPath, newPath)
 			}
 		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func copyFile(src, dst string) error {
+	inputFile, err := os.Open(src)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("opening %s failed %w", src, err)
+	}
+	defer inputFile.Close()
+
+	outputFile, err := os.OpenFile(dst, os.O_CREATE|os.O_WRONLY|os.O_APPEND, secretDirPermission)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("opening %s failed %w", dst, err)
+	}
+	defer outputFile.Close()
+
+	// Changed from os.Rename due to issue in #201
+	if _, err := io.Copy(outputFile, inputFile); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("writing into %s failed %w", outputFile.Name(), err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}

docs/DEV.md

@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ export SUFFIX="-armhf"
 export SUFFIX="-arm64"
 
 # Then download
-curl -fSLs "https://github.com/openfaas/faasd/releases/download/0.12.5/faasd$SUFFIX" \
+curl -fSLs "https://github.com/openfaas/faasd/releases/download/0.13.0/faasd$SUFFIX" \
     -o "/tmp/faasd" \
     && chmod +x "/tmp/faasd" 
 sudo mv /tmp/faasd /usr/local/bin/

docs/bootstrap/.terraform.lock.hcl

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+# This file is maintained automatically by "terraform init".
+# Manual edits may be lost in future updates.
+
+provider "registry.terraform.io/digitalocean/digitalocean" {
+  version     = "2.11.0"
+  constraints = "2.11.0"
+  hashes = [
+    "h1:/qAnTOSP5KeZkF7wqLai34SKAs7aefulcUA3I8R7rRg=",
+    "h1:PbXtjUfvxwmkycJ0Y9Dyn66Arrpk5L8/P381SXMx2O0=",
+    "h1:lXLX9tmuxV7azTHd0xB0FAVrxyfBtotIz5LEJp8YUk0=",
+    "zh:2191adc79bdfdb3b733e0619e4f391ae91c1631c5dafda42dab561d943651fa4",
+    "zh:21a4f67e42dcdc10fbd7f8579247594844d09a469a3a54862d565913e4d6121d",
+    "zh:557d98325fafcf2db91ea6d92f65373a48c4e995a1a7aeb57009661fee675250",
+    "zh:68c0238cafc37433627e288fcd2c7e14f4f0afdd50b4f265d8d1f1addab6f19f",
+    "zh:7e6d69720734455eb1c69880f049650276089b7fa09085e130d224abaeec887a",
+    "zh:95bd93a696ec050c1cb5e724498fd12b1d69760d01e97c869be3252025691434",
+    "zh:b1b075049e33aa08c032f41a497351c9894f16287a4449032d8b805bc6dcb596",
+    "zh:ba91aa853372c828f808c09dbab2a5bc9493a7cf93210d1487f9637b2cac8ca4",
+    "zh:bc43d27dfe014266697c2ac259f4311300391aa6aa7c5d23e382fe296df938d5",
+    "zh:d3a04d2c76bfc1f46a117b1af7870a97353319ee8f924a37fe77861519f59525",
+    "zh:d3da997c05a653df6cabb912c6c05ceb6bf77219b699f04daf44fd795c81c6ed",
+    "zh:edd0659021b6634acf0f581d1be1985a81fcd1182e3ccb43de6eac6c43be9ab4",
+    "zh:f588ace57b6c35d509ecaa7136e6a8049d227b0674104a1f958359b84862d8e3",
+    "zh:f894ed195a3b9ebbfa1ba7c5d71be06df3a96d783ff064d22dd693ace34d638e",
+    "zh:fb6b0d4b111fafdcb3bb9a7dbab88e2110a6ce6324de64ecf62933ee8b651ccf",
+  ]
+}
+
+provider "registry.terraform.io/hashicorp/random" {
+  version = "3.1.0"
+  hashes = [
+    "h1:BZMEPucF+pbu9gsPk0G0BHx7YP04+tKdq2MrRDF1EDM=",
+    "h1:EPIax4Ftp2SNdB9pUfoSjxoueDoLc/Ck3EUoeX0Dvsg=",
+    "h1:rKYu5ZUbXwrLG1w81k7H3nce/Ys6yAxXhWcbtk36HjY=",
+    "zh:2bbb3339f0643b5daa07480ef4397bd23a79963cc364cdfbb4e86354cb7725bc",
+    "zh:3cd456047805bf639fbf2c761b1848880ea703a054f76db51852008b11008626",
+    "zh:4f251b0eda5bb5e3dc26ea4400dba200018213654b69b4a5f96abee815b4f5ff",
+    "zh:7011332745ea061e517fe1319bd6c75054a314155cb2c1199a5b01fe1889a7e2",
+    "zh:738ed82858317ccc246691c8b85995bc125ac3b4143043219bd0437adc56c992",
+    "zh:7dbe52fac7bb21227acd7529b487511c91f4107db9cc4414f50d04ffc3cab427",
+    "zh:a3a9251fb15f93e4cfc1789800fc2d7414bbc18944ad4c5c98f466e6477c42bc",
+    "zh:a543ec1a3a8c20635cf374110bd2f87c07374cf2c50617eee2c669b3ceeeaa9f",
+    "zh:d9ab41d556a48bd7059f0810cf020500635bfc696c9fc3adab5ea8915c1d886b",
+    "zh:d9e13427a7d011dbd654e591b0337e6074eef8c3b9bb11b2e39eaaf257044fd7",
+    "zh:f7605bd1437752114baf601bdf6931debe6dc6bfe3006eb7e9bb9080931dca8a",
+  ]
+}
+
+provider "registry.terraform.io/hashicorp/template" {
+  version = "2.2.0"
+  hashes = [
+    "h1:0wlehNaxBX7GJQnPfQwTNvvAf38Jm0Nv7ssKGMaG6Og=",
+    "h1:94qn780bi1qjrbC3uQtjJh3Wkfwd5+tTtJHOb7KTg9w=",
+    "h1:LN84cu+BZpVRvYlCzrbPfCRDaIelSyEx/W9Iwwgbnn4=",
+    "zh:01702196f0a0492ec07917db7aaa595843d8f171dc195f4c988d2ffca2a06386",
+    "zh:09aae3da826ba3d7df69efeb25d146a1de0d03e951d35019a0f80e4f58c89b53",
+    "zh:09ba83c0625b6fe0a954da6fbd0c355ac0b7f07f86c91a2a97849140fea49603",
+    "zh:0e3a6c8e16f17f19010accd0844187d524580d9fdb0731f675ffcf4afba03d16",
+    "zh:45f2c594b6f2f34ea663704cc72048b212fe7d16fb4cfd959365fa997228a776",
+    "zh:77ea3e5a0446784d77114b5e851c970a3dde1e08fa6de38210b8385d7605d451",
+    "zh:8a154388f3708e3df5a69122a23bdfaf760a523788a5081976b3d5616f7d30ae",
+    "zh:992843002f2db5a11e626b3fc23dc0c87ad3729b3b3cff08e32ffb3df97edbde",
+    "zh:ad906f4cebd3ec5e43d5cd6dc8f4c5c9cc3b33d2243c89c5fc18f97f7277b51d",
+    "zh:c979425ddb256511137ecd093e23283234da0154b7fa8b21c2687182d9aea8b2",
+  ]
+}

docs/bootstrap/README.md

@@ -5,11 +5,18 @@
 3) Clone this gist using the URL from the address bar
 4) Run `terraform init`
 5) Run `terraform apply -var="do_token=$(cat $HOME/digitalocean-access-token)"`
-6) View the output for the login command and gateway URL i.e.
+6) View the output for the gateway URL
 
 ```
 gateway_url = http://178.128.39.201:8080/
+```
+7) View the output for sensitive data via `terraform output` command
+
+```bash
+terraform output login_cmd
 login_cmd = faas-cli login -g http://178.128.39.201:8080/ -p rvIU49CEcFcHmqxj
+
+terraform output password
 password = rvIU49CEcFcHmqxj
 ```
 

docs/bootstrap/cloud-config.tpl

@@ -1,8 +1,4 @@
 #cloud-config
-ssh_authorized_keys:
-## Note: Replace with your own public key
-  - ${ssh_key}
-
 package_update: true
 
 packages:
@@ -20,8 +16,8 @@ runcmd:
 - mkdir -p /var/lib/faasd/secrets/
 - echo ${gw_password} > /var/lib/faasd/secrets/basic-auth-password
 - echo admin > /var/lib/faasd/secrets/basic-auth-user
-- cd /go/src/github.com/openfaas/ && git clone --depth 1 --branch 0.12.5 https://github.com/openfaas/faasd
+- cd /go/src/github.com/openfaas/ && git clone --depth 1 --branch 0.13.0 https://github.com/openfaas/faasd
-- curl -fSLs "https://github.com/openfaas/faasd/releases/download/0.12.5/faasd" --output "/usr/local/bin/faasd" && chmod a+x "/usr/local/bin/faasd"
+- curl -fSLs "https://github.com/openfaas/faasd/releases/download/0.13.0/faasd" --output "/usr/local/bin/faasd" && chmod a+x "/usr/local/bin/faasd"
 - cd /go/src/github.com/openfaas/faasd/ && /usr/local/bin/faasd install
 - systemctl status -l containerd --no-pager
 - journalctl -u faasd-provider --no-pager

docs/bootstrap/digitalocean-terraform/.terraform.lock.hcl

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+# This file is maintained automatically by "terraform init".
+# Manual edits may be lost in future updates.
+
+provider "registry.terraform.io/digitalocean/digitalocean" {
+  version     = "2.11.0"
+  constraints = "2.11.0"
+  hashes = [
+    "h1:/qAnTOSP5KeZkF7wqLai34SKAs7aefulcUA3I8R7rRg=",
+    "h1:PbXtjUfvxwmkycJ0Y9Dyn66Arrpk5L8/P381SXMx2O0=",
+    "h1:lXLX9tmuxV7azTHd0xB0FAVrxyfBtotIz5LEJp8YUk0=",
+    "zh:2191adc79bdfdb3b733e0619e4f391ae91c1631c5dafda42dab561d943651fa4",
+    "zh:21a4f67e42dcdc10fbd7f8579247594844d09a469a3a54862d565913e4d6121d",
+    "zh:557d98325fafcf2db91ea6d92f65373a48c4e995a1a7aeb57009661fee675250",
+    "zh:68c0238cafc37433627e288fcd2c7e14f4f0afdd50b4f265d8d1f1addab6f19f",
+    "zh:7e6d69720734455eb1c69880f049650276089b7fa09085e130d224abaeec887a",
+    "zh:95bd93a696ec050c1cb5e724498fd12b1d69760d01e97c869be3252025691434",
+    "zh:b1b075049e33aa08c032f41a497351c9894f16287a4449032d8b805bc6dcb596",
+    "zh:ba91aa853372c828f808c09dbab2a5bc9493a7cf93210d1487f9637b2cac8ca4",
+    "zh:bc43d27dfe014266697c2ac259f4311300391aa6aa7c5d23e382fe296df938d5",
+    "zh:d3a04d2c76bfc1f46a117b1af7870a97353319ee8f924a37fe77861519f59525",
+    "zh:d3da997c05a653df6cabb912c6c05ceb6bf77219b699f04daf44fd795c81c6ed",
+    "zh:edd0659021b6634acf0f581d1be1985a81fcd1182e3ccb43de6eac6c43be9ab4",
+    "zh:f588ace57b6c35d509ecaa7136e6a8049d227b0674104a1f958359b84862d8e3",
+    "zh:f894ed195a3b9ebbfa1ba7c5d71be06df3a96d783ff064d22dd693ace34d638e",
+    "zh:fb6b0d4b111fafdcb3bb9a7dbab88e2110a6ce6324de64ecf62933ee8b651ccf",
+  ]
+}
+
+provider "registry.terraform.io/hashicorp/random" {
+  version = "3.1.0"
+  hashes = [
+    "h1:BZMEPucF+pbu9gsPk0G0BHx7YP04+tKdq2MrRDF1EDM=",
+    "h1:EPIax4Ftp2SNdB9pUfoSjxoueDoLc/Ck3EUoeX0Dvsg=",
+    "h1:rKYu5ZUbXwrLG1w81k7H3nce/Ys6yAxXhWcbtk36HjY=",
+    "zh:2bbb3339f0643b5daa07480ef4397bd23a79963cc364cdfbb4e86354cb7725bc",
+    "zh:3cd456047805bf639fbf2c761b1848880ea703a054f76db51852008b11008626",
+    "zh:4f251b0eda5bb5e3dc26ea4400dba200018213654b69b4a5f96abee815b4f5ff",
+    "zh:7011332745ea061e517fe1319bd6c75054a314155cb2c1199a5b01fe1889a7e2",
+    "zh:738ed82858317ccc246691c8b85995bc125ac3b4143043219bd0437adc56c992",
+    "zh:7dbe52fac7bb21227acd7529b487511c91f4107db9cc4414f50d04ffc3cab427",
+    "zh:a3a9251fb15f93e4cfc1789800fc2d7414bbc18944ad4c5c98f466e6477c42bc",
+    "zh:a543ec1a3a8c20635cf374110bd2f87c07374cf2c50617eee2c669b3ceeeaa9f",
+    "zh:d9ab41d556a48bd7059f0810cf020500635bfc696c9fc3adab5ea8915c1d886b",
+    "zh:d9e13427a7d011dbd654e591b0337e6074eef8c3b9bb11b2e39eaaf257044fd7",
+    "zh:f7605bd1437752114baf601bdf6931debe6dc6bfe3006eb7e9bb9080931dca8a",
+  ]
+}
+
+provider "registry.terraform.io/hashicorp/template" {
+  version = "2.2.0"
+  hashes = [
+    "h1:0wlehNaxBX7GJQnPfQwTNvvAf38Jm0Nv7ssKGMaG6Og=",
+    "h1:94qn780bi1qjrbC3uQtjJh3Wkfwd5+tTtJHOb7KTg9w=",
+    "h1:LN84cu+BZpVRvYlCzrbPfCRDaIelSyEx/W9Iwwgbnn4=",
+    "zh:01702196f0a0492ec07917db7aaa595843d8f171dc195f4c988d2ffca2a06386",
+    "zh:09aae3da826ba3d7df69efeb25d146a1de0d03e951d35019a0f80e4f58c89b53",
+    "zh:09ba83c0625b6fe0a954da6fbd0c355ac0b7f07f86c91a2a97849140fea49603",
+    "zh:0e3a6c8e16f17f19010accd0844187d524580d9fdb0731f675ffcf4afba03d16",
+    "zh:45f2c594b6f2f34ea663704cc72048b212fe7d16fb4cfd959365fa997228a776",
+    "zh:77ea3e5a0446784d77114b5e851c970a3dde1e08fa6de38210b8385d7605d451",
+    "zh:8a154388f3708e3df5a69122a23bdfaf760a523788a5081976b3d5616f7d30ae",
+    "zh:992843002f2db5a11e626b3fc23dc0c87ad3729b3b3cff08e32ffb3df97edbde",
+    "zh:ad906f4cebd3ec5e43d5cd6dc8f4c5c9cc3b33d2243c89c5fc18f97f7277b51d",
+    "zh:c979425ddb256511137ecd093e23283234da0154b7fa8b21c2687182d9aea8b2",
+  ]
+}

docs/bootstrap/digitalocean-terraform/README.md

@@ -27,10 +27,20 @@
 ```
 droplet_ip = 178.128.39.201
 gateway_url = https://faasd.example.com/
-login_cmd = faas-cli login -g https://faasd.example.com/ -p rvIU49CEcFcHmqxj
+```
+
+8) View the output for sensitive data via `terraform output` command
+
+```bash
+terraform output login_cmd
+login_cmd = faas-cli login -g http://178.128.39.201:8080/ -p rvIU49CEcFcHmqxj
+
+terraform output password
 password = rvIU49CEcFcHmqxj
 ```
-8) Use your browser to access the OpenFaaS interface
+
+
+9) Use your browser to access the OpenFaaS interface
 
 Note that the user-data may take a couple of minutes to come up since it will be pulling in various components and preparing the machine. 
 Also take into consideration the DNS propagation time for the new DNS record.

docs/bootstrap/digitalocean-terraform/cloud-config.tpl

@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
 #cloud-config
-ssh_authorized_keys:
-  - ${ssh_key}
-
 groups:
   - caddy
 
@@ -41,8 +38,8 @@ runcmd:
 - mkdir -p /var/lib/faasd/secrets/
 - echo ${gw_password} > /var/lib/faasd/secrets/basic-auth-password
 - echo admin > /var/lib/faasd/secrets/basic-auth-user
-- cd /go/src/github.com/openfaas/ && git clone --depth 1 --branch 0.12.5 https://github.com/openfaas/faasd
+- cd /go/src/github.com/openfaas/ && git clone --depth 1 --branch 0.13.0 https://github.com/openfaas/faasd
-- curl -fSLs "https://github.com/openfaas/faasd/releases/download/0.12.5/faasd" --output "/usr/local/bin/faasd" && chmod a+x "/usr/local/bin/faasd"
+- curl -fSLs "https://github.com/openfaas/faasd/releases/download/0.13.0/faasd" --output "/usr/local/bin/faasd" && chmod a+x "/usr/local/bin/faasd"
 - cd /go/src/github.com/openfaas/faasd/ && /usr/local/bin/faasd install
 - systemctl status -l containerd --no-pager
 - journalctl -u faasd-provider --no-pager

docs/bootstrap/digitalocean-terraform/main.tf

@@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
 terraform {
-  required_version = ">= 0.12"
+  required_version = ">= 1.0.4"
+  required_providers {
+    digitalocean = {
+      source  = "digitalocean/digitalocean"
+      version = "2.11.0"
+    }
+  }
 }
 
 variable "do_token" {
@@ -32,10 +38,6 @@ provider "digitalocean" {
   token = var.do_token
 }
 
-data "local_file" "ssh_key"{
-  filename = pathexpand(var.ssh_key_file)
-}
-
 resource "random_password" "password" {
   length           = 16
   special          = true
@@ -43,27 +45,34 @@ resource "random_password" "password" {
 }
 
 data "template_file" "cloud_init" {
-  template = "${file("cloud-config.tpl")}"
+  template = file("cloud-config.tpl")
   vars = {
     gw_password       = random_password.password.result,
-      ssh_key=data.local_file.ssh_key.content,
     faasd_domain_name = "${var.do_subdomain}.${var.do_domain}"
     letsencrypt_email = var.letsencrypt_email
   }
 }
 
+resource "digitalocean_ssh_key" "faasd_ssh_key" {
+  name       = "ssh-key"
+  public_key = file(var.ssh_key_file)
+}
+
 resource "digitalocean_droplet" "faasd" {
   region    = var.do_region
   image     = "ubuntu-18-04-x64"
   name      = "faasd"
   size      = "s-1vcpu-1gb"
   user_data = data.template_file.cloud_init.rendered
+  ssh_keys = [
+    digitalocean_ssh_key.faasd_ssh_key.id
+  ]
 }
 
 resource "digitalocean_record" "faasd" {
   domain = var.do_domain
   type   = "A"
-  name   = "faasd"
+  name   = var.do_subdomain
   value  = digitalocean_droplet.faasd.ipv4_address
   # Only creates record if do_create_record is true
   count = var.do_create_record == true ? 1 : 0
@@ -79,8 +88,10 @@ output "gateway_url" {
 
 output "password" {
   value     = random_password.password.result
+  sensitive = true
 }
 
 output "login_cmd" {
   value     = "faas-cli login -g https://${var.do_subdomain}.${var.do_domain}/ -p ${random_password.password.result}"
+  sensitive = true
 }

docs/bootstrap/main.tf

@@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
 terraform {
-  required_version = ">= 0.12"
+  required_version = ">= 1.0.4"
+  required_providers {
+    digitalocean = {
+      source  = "digitalocean/digitalocean"
+      version = "2.11.0"
+    }
+  }
 }
 
 variable "do_token" {}
@@ -19,16 +25,16 @@ resource "random_password" "password" {
   override_special = "_-#"
 }
 
-data "local_file" "ssh_key"{
+data "template_file" "cloud_init" {
-  filename = pathexpand(var.ssh_key_file)
+  template = file("cloud-config.tpl")
+  vars = {
+    gw_password = random_password.password.result
+  }
 }
 
-data "template_file" "cloud_init" {
+resource "digitalocean_ssh_key" "faasd_ssh_key" {
-  template = "${file("cloud-config.tpl")}"
+  name       = "ssh-key"
-    vars = {
+  public_key = file(var.ssh_key_file)
-      gw_password=random_password.password.result,
-      ssh_key=data.local_file.ssh_key.content,
-    }
 }
 
 resource "digitalocean_droplet" "faasd" {
@@ -40,10 +46,14 @@ resource "digitalocean_droplet" "faasd" {
   #size   = "512mb"
   size      = "s-1vcpu-1gb"
   user_data = data.template_file.cloud_init.rendered
+  ssh_keys = [
+    digitalocean_ssh_key.faasd_ssh_key.id
+  ]
 }
 
 output "password" {
   value     = random_password.password.result
+  sensitive = true
 }
 
 output "gateway_url" {
@@ -52,5 +62,6 @@ output "gateway_url" {
 
 output "login_cmd" {
   value     = "faas-cli login -g http://${digitalocean_droplet.faasd.ipv4_address}:8080/ -p ${random_password.password.result}"
+  sensitive = true
 }
 

hack/build-containerd-arm64.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# See pre-reqs:
+# https://github.com/alexellis/containerd-arm
+
+export ARCH="arm64"
+
+if [ ! -d "/usr/local/go/bin" ]; then
+    echo "Downloading Go.."
+    
+    curl -SLsf https://golang.org/dl/go1.16.6.linux-$ARCH.tar.gz --output /tmp/go.tgz
+    sudo rm -rf /usr/local/go/
+    sudo mkdir -p /usr/local/go/
+    sudo tar -xvf /tmp/go.tgz -C /usr/local/go/ --strip-components=1
+else
+    echo "Go already present, skipping."
+fi
+
+export GOPATH=$HOME/go/
+export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/go/bin/
+
+go version
+
+echo "Building containerd"
+
+mkdir -p $GOPATH/src/github.com/containerd
+cd $GOPATH/src/github.com/containerd
+git clone https://github.com/containerd/containerd
+
+cd containerd
+git fetch origin --tags
+git checkout v1.5.4
+
+make
+sudo make install
+
+sudo containerd --version

hack/build-containerd-armhf.sh

@@ -1,12 +1,20 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 
-export ARCH="armv6l"
+# See pre-reqs:
-echo "Downloading Go"
+# https://github.com/alexellis/containerd-arm
+
+export ARCH="arm64"
+
+if [ ! -d "/usr/local/go/bin" ]; then
+    echo "Downloading Go.."
     
     curl -SLsf https://golang.org/dl/go1.16.6.linux-$ARCH.tar.gz --output /tmp/go.tgz
     sudo rm -rf /usr/local/go/
     sudo mkdir -p /usr/local/go/
     sudo tar -xvf /tmp/go.tgz -C /usr/local/go/ --strip-components=1
+else
+    echo "Go already present, skipping."
+fi
 
 export GOPATH=$HOME/go/
 export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/go/bin/

hack/build-containerd.sh

@@ -1,12 +1,21 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 
-export ARCH="amd64"
+
-echo "Downloading Go"
+# See pre-reqs:
+# https://github.com/alexellis/containerd-arm
+
+export ARCH="arm64"
+
+if [ ! -d "/usr/local/go/bin" ]; then
+    echo "Downloading Go.."
     
     curl -SLsf https://golang.org/dl/go1.16.6.linux-$ARCH.tar.gz --output /tmp/go.tgz
     sudo rm -rf /usr/local/go/
     sudo mkdir -p /usr/local/go/
     sudo tar -xvf /tmp/go.tgz -C /usr/local/go/ --strip-components=1
+else
+    echo "Go already present, skipping."
+fi
 
 export GOPATH=$HOME/go/
 export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/go/bin/

hack/faasd-provider.service

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ Description=faasd-provider
 MemoryLimit=500M
 Environment="secret_mount_path={{.SecretMountPath}}"
 Environment="basic_auth=true"
+Environment="hosts_dir=/var/lib/faasd"
 ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/faasd provider
 Restart=on-failure
 RestartSec=10s

hack/install.sh

@@ -39,6 +39,10 @@ has_apt_get() {
   [ -n "$(command -v apt-get)" ]
 }
 
+has_pacman() {
+  [ -n "$(command -v pacman)" ]
+}
+
 install_required_packages() {
   if $(has_apt_get); then
     $SUDO apt-get update -y
@@ -46,8 +50,11 @@ install_required_packages() {
   elif $(has_yum); then
     $SUDO yum check-update -y
     $SUDO yum install -y curl runc
+  elif $(has_pacman); then
+    $SUDO pacman -Syy
+    $SUDO pacman -Sy curl runc bridge-utils
   else
-    fatal "Could not find apt-get or yum. Cannot install dependencies on this OS."
+    fatal "Could not find apt-get, yum, or pacman. Cannot install dependencies on this OS."
     exit 1
   fi
 }

pkg/constants.go

@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
 package pkg
 
 const (
-	// FunctionNamespace is the default containerd namespace functions are created
+	// DefaultFunctionNamespace is the default containerd namespace functions are created
-	FunctionNamespace = "openfaas-fn"
+	DefaultFunctionNamespace = "openfaas-fn"
 
-	// faasdNamespace is the containerd namespace services are created
+	// NamespaceLabel indicates that a namespace is managed by faasd
-	faasdNamespace = "openfaas"
+	NamespaceLabel = "openfaas"
+
+	// FaasdNamespace is the containerd namespace services are created
+	FaasdNamespace = "openfaas"
 
 	faasServicesPullAlways = false
 

pkg/logs/requestor.go

@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ func buildCmd(ctx context.Context, req logs.Request) *exec.Cmd {
 
 	namespace := req.Namespace
 	if namespace == "" {
-		namespace = faasd.FunctionNamespace
+		namespace = faasd.DefaultFunctionNamespace
 	}
 
 	// find the description of the fields here

pkg/provider/handlers/delete.go

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ import (
 	gocni "github.com/containerd/go-cni"
 	"github.com/openfaas/faas/gateway/requests"
 
-	faasd "github.com/openfaas/faasd/pkg"
 	cninetwork "github.com/openfaas/faasd/pkg/cninetwork"
 	"github.com/openfaas/faasd/pkg/service"
 )
@@ -41,9 +40,23 @@ func MakeDeleteHandler(client *containerd.Client, cni gocni.CNI) func(w http.Res
 			return
 		}
 
+		lookupNamespace := getRequestNamespace(readNamespaceFromQuery(r))
+
+		// Check if namespace exists, and it has the openfaas label
+		valid, err := validNamespace(client, lookupNamespace)
+		if err != nil {
+			http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusBadRequest)
+			return
+		}
+
+		if !valid {
+			http.Error(w, "namespace not valid", http.StatusBadRequest)
+			return
+		}
+
 		name := req.FunctionName
 
-		function, err := GetFunction(client, name)
+		function, err := GetFunction(client, name, lookupNamespace)
 		if err != nil {
 			msg := fmt.Sprintf("service %s not found", name)
 			log.Printf("[Delete] %s\n", msg)
@@ -51,7 +64,7 @@ func MakeDeleteHandler(client *containerd.Client, cni gocni.CNI) func(w http.Res
 			return
 		}
 
-		ctx := namespaces.WithNamespace(context.Background(), faasd.FunctionNamespace)
+		ctx := namespaces.WithNamespace(context.Background(), lookupNamespace)
 
 		// TODO: this needs to still happen if the task is paused
 		if function.replicas != 0 {

pkg/provider/handlers/deploy.go

@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/docker/distribution/reference"
 	"github.com/opencontainers/runtime-spec/specs-go"
 	"github.com/openfaas/faas-provider/types"
-	faasd "github.com/openfaas/faasd/pkg"
 	cninetwork "github.com/openfaas/faasd/pkg/cninetwork"
 	"github.com/openfaas/faasd/pkg/service"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
@@ -52,15 +51,32 @@ func MakeDeployHandler(client *containerd.Client, cni gocni.CNI, secretMountPath
 			return
 		}
 
-		err = validateSecrets(secretMountPath, req.Secrets)
+		namespace := getRequestNamespace(req.Namespace)
+
+		// Check if namespace exists, and it has the openfaas label
+		valid, err := validNamespace(client, namespace)
+
 		if err != nil {
 			http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusBadRequest)
+			return
+		}
+
+		if !valid {
+			http.Error(w, "namespace not valid", http.StatusBadRequest)
+			return
+		}
+
+		namespaceSecretMountPath := getNamespaceSecretMountPath(secretMountPath, namespace)
+		err = validateSecrets(namespaceSecretMountPath, req.Secrets)
+		if err != nil {
+			http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusBadRequest)
+			return
 		}
 
 		name := req.Service
-		ctx := namespaces.WithNamespace(context.Background(), faasd.FunctionNamespace)
+		ctx := namespaces.WithNamespace(context.Background(), namespace)
 
-		deployErr := deploy(ctx, req, client, cni, secretMountPath, alwaysPull)
+		deployErr := deploy(ctx, req, client, cni, namespaceSecretMountPath, alwaysPull)
 		if deployErr != nil {
 			log.Printf("[Deploy] error deploying %s, error: %s\n", name, deployErr)
 			http.Error(w, deployErr.Error(), http.StatusBadRequest)
@@ -110,7 +126,7 @@ func deploy(ctx context.Context, req types.FunctionDeployment, client *container
 	}
 
 	envs := prepareEnv(req.EnvProcess, req.EnvVars)
-	mounts := getMounts()
+	mounts := getOSMounts()
 
 	for _, secret := range req.Secrets {
 		mounts = append(mounts, specs.Mount{
@@ -125,7 +141,7 @@ func deploy(ctx context.Context, req types.FunctionDeployment, client *container
 
 	labels, err := buildLabels(&req)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Unable to apply labels to conatiner: %s, error: %s", name, err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("unable to apply labels to container: %s, error: %w", name, err)
 	}
 
 	var memory *specs.LinuxMemory
@@ -156,7 +172,7 @@ func deploy(ctx context.Context, req types.FunctionDeployment, client *container
 	)
 
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("unable to create container: %s, error: %s", name, err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("unable to create container: %s, error: %w", name, err)
 	}
 
 	return createTask(ctx, client, container, cni)
@@ -194,7 +210,7 @@ func createTask(ctx context.Context, client *containerd.Client, container contai
 	task, taskErr := container.NewTask(ctx, cio.BinaryIO("/usr/local/bin/faasd", nil))
 
 	if taskErr != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("unable to start task: %s, error: %s", name, taskErr)
+		return fmt.Errorf("unable to start task: %s, error: %w", name, taskErr)
 	}
 
 	log.Printf("Container ID: %s\tTask ID %s:\tTask PID: %d\t\n", name, task.ID(), task.Pid())
@@ -246,20 +262,28 @@ func prepareEnv(envProcess string, reqEnvVars map[string]string) []string {
 	return envs
 }
 
-func getMounts() []specs.Mount {
+// getOSMounts provides a mount for os-specific files such
-	wd, _ := os.Getwd()
+// as the hosts file and resolv.conf
+func getOSMounts() []specs.Mount {
+	// Prior to hosts_dir env-var, this value was set to
+	// os.Getwd()
+	hostsDir := "/var/lib/faasd"
+	if v, ok := os.LookupEnv("hosts_dir"); ok && len(v) > 0 {
+		hostsDir = v
+	}
+
 	mounts := []specs.Mount{}
 	mounts = append(mounts, specs.Mount{
 		Destination: "/etc/resolv.conf",
 		Type:        "bind",
-		Source:      path.Join(wd, "resolv.conf"),
+		Source:      path.Join(hostsDir, "resolv.conf"),
 		Options:     []string{"rbind", "ro"},
 	})
 
 	mounts = append(mounts, specs.Mount{
 		Destination: "/etc/hosts",
 		Type:        "bind",
-		Source:      path.Join(wd, "hosts"),
+		Source:      path.Join(hostsDir, "hosts"),
 		Options:     []string{"rbind", "ro"},
 	})
 	return mounts

pkg/provider/handlers/deploy_test.go

@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ func Test_BuildLabels_WithAnnotations(t *testing.T) {
 			}
 
 			if !reflect.DeepEqual(val, tc.result) {
-				t.Errorf("Got: %s, expected %s", val, tc.result)
+				t.Errorf("Want: %s, got: %s", val, tc.result)
 			}
 		})
 	}

pkg/provider/handlers/functions.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package handlers
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"log"
 	"strings"
@@ -11,9 +12,9 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/containerd/containerd"
 	"github.com/containerd/containerd/namespaces"
-	"github.com/openfaas/faasd/pkg/cninetwork"
+	"github.com/openfaas/faasd/pkg"
-
 	faasd "github.com/openfaas/faasd/pkg"
+	"github.com/openfaas/faasd/pkg/cninetwork"
 )
 
 type Function struct {
@@ -32,8 +33,19 @@ type Function struct {
 }
 
 // ListFunctions returns a map of all functions with running tasks on namespace
-func ListFunctions(client *containerd.Client) (map[string]*Function, error) {
+func ListFunctions(client *containerd.Client, namespace string) (map[string]*Function, error) {
-	ctx := namespaces.WithNamespace(context.Background(), faasd.FunctionNamespace)
+
+	// Check if namespace exists, and it has the openfaas label
+	valid, err := validNamespace(client, namespace)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if !valid {
+		return nil, errors.New("namespace not valid")
+	}
+
+	ctx := namespaces.WithNamespace(context.Background(), namespace)
 	functions := make(map[string]*Function)
 
 	containers, err := client.Containers(ctx)
@@ -43,7 +55,7 @@ func ListFunctions(client *containerd.Client) (map[string]*Function, error) {
 
 	for _, c := range containers {
 		name := c.ID()
-		f, err := GetFunction(client, name)
+		f, err := GetFunction(client, name, namespace)
 		if err != nil {
 			log.Printf("error getting function %s: ", name)
 			return functions, err
@@ -55,13 +67,13 @@ func ListFunctions(client *containerd.Client) (map[string]*Function, error) {
 }
 
 // GetFunction returns a function that matches name
-func GetFunction(client *containerd.Client, name string) (Function, error) {
+func GetFunction(client *containerd.Client, name string, namespace string) (Function, error) {
-	ctx := namespaces.WithNamespace(context.Background(), faasd.FunctionNamespace)
+	ctx := namespaces.WithNamespace(context.Background(), namespace)
 	fn := Function{}
 
 	c, err := client.LoadContainer(ctx, name)
 	if err != nil {
-		return Function{}, fmt.Errorf("unable to find function: %s, error %s", name, err)
+		return Function{}, fmt.Errorf("unable to find function: %s, error %w", name, err)
 	}
 
 	image, err := c.Image(ctx)
@@ -73,26 +85,26 @@ func GetFunction(client *containerd.Client, name string) (Function, error) {
 	allLabels, labelErr := c.Labels(ctx)
 
 	if labelErr != nil {
-		log.Printf("cannot list container %s labels: %s", containerName, labelErr.Error())
+		log.Printf("cannot list container %s labels: %s", containerName, labelErr)
 	}
 
 	labels, annotations := buildLabelsAndAnnotations(allLabels)
 
 	spec, err := c.Spec(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
-		return Function{}, fmt.Errorf("unable to load function spec for reading secrets: %s, error %s", name, err)
+		return Function{}, fmt.Errorf("unable to load function spec for reading secrets: %s, error %w", name, err)
 	}
 
 	info, err := c.Info(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
-		return Function{}, fmt.Errorf("can't load info for: %s, error %s", name, err)
+		return Function{}, fmt.Errorf("can't load info for: %s, error %w", name, err)
 	}
 
 	envVars, envProcess := readEnvFromProcessEnv(spec.Process.Env)
 	secrets := readSecretsFromMounts(spec.Mounts)
 
 	fn.name = containerName
-	fn.namespace = faasd.FunctionNamespace
+	fn.namespace = namespace
 	fn.image = image.Name()
 	fn.labels = labels
 	fn.annotations = annotations
@@ -107,7 +119,7 @@ func GetFunction(client *containerd.Client, name string) (Function, error) {
 		// Task for container exists
 		svc, err := task.Status(ctx)
 		if err != nil {
-			return Function{}, fmt.Errorf("unable to get task status for container: %s %s", name, err)
+			return Function{}, fmt.Errorf("unable to get task status for container: %s %w", name, err)
 		}
 
 		if svc.Status == "running" {
@@ -181,3 +193,41 @@ func buildLabelsAndAnnotations(ctrLabels map[string]string) (map[string]string,
 
 	return labels, annotations
 }
+
+func ListNamespaces(client *containerd.Client) []string {
+	set := []string{}
+	store := client.NamespaceService()
+	namespaces, err := store.List(context.Background())
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Printf("Error listing namespaces: %s", err.Error())
+		set = append(set, faasd.DefaultFunctionNamespace)
+		return set
+	}
+
+	for _, namespace := range namespaces {
+		labels, err := store.Labels(context.Background(), namespace)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Printf("Error listing label for namespace %s: %s", namespace, err.Error())
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if _, found := labels[pkg.NamespaceLabel]; found {
+			set = append(set, namespace)
+		}
+
+		if !findNamespace(faasd.DefaultFunctionNamespace, set) {
+			set = append(set, faasd.DefaultFunctionNamespace)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return set
+}
+
+func findNamespace(target string, items []string) bool {
+	for _, n := range items {
+		if n == target {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}

pkg/provider/handlers/functions_test.go

@@ -2,9 +2,10 @@ package handlers
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"github.com/opencontainers/runtime-spec/specs-go"
 	"reflect"
 	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/opencontainers/runtime-spec/specs-go"
 )
 
 func Test_BuildLabelsAndAnnotationsFromServiceSpec_Annotations(t *testing.T) {
@@ -84,3 +85,25 @@ func Test_ProcessEnvToEnvVars(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func Test_findNamespace(t *testing.T) {
+	type test struct {
+		Name            string
+		foundNamespaces []string
+		namespace       string
+		Expected        bool
+	}
+	tests := []test{
+		{Name: "Namespace Found", namespace: "fn", foundNamespaces: []string{"fn", "openfaas-fn"}, Expected: true},
+		{Name: "namespace Not Found", namespace: "fn", foundNamespaces: []string{"openfaas-fn"}, Expected: false},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		t.Run(tc.Name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got := findNamespace(tc.namespace, tc.foundNamespaces)
+			if got != tc.Expected {
+				t.Fatalf("expected %t, got %t", tc.Expected, got)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

pkg/provider/handlers/invoke_resolver.go

@@ -4,8 +4,10 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"log"
 	"net/url"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/containerd/containerd"
+	faasd "github.com/openfaas/faasd/pkg"
 )
 
 const watchdogPort = 8080
@@ -19,11 +21,18 @@ func NewInvokeResolver(client *containerd.Client) *InvokeResolver {
 }
 
 func (i *InvokeResolver) Resolve(functionName string) (url.URL, error) {
-	log.Printf("Resolve: %q\n", functionName)
+	actualFunctionName := functionName
+	log.Printf("Resolve: %q\n", actualFunctionName)
 
-	function, err := GetFunction(i.client, functionName)
+	namespace := getNamespace(functionName, faasd.DefaultFunctionNamespace)
+
+	if strings.Contains(functionName, ".") {
+		actualFunctionName = strings.TrimSuffix(functionName, "."+namespace)
+	}
+
+	function, err := GetFunction(i.client, actualFunctionName, namespace)
 	if err != nil {
-		return url.URL{}, fmt.Errorf("%s not found", functionName)
+		return url.URL{}, fmt.Errorf("%s not found", actualFunctionName)
 	}
 
 	serviceIP := function.IP
@@ -37,3 +46,11 @@ func (i *InvokeResolver) Resolve(functionName string) (url.URL, error) {
 
 	return *urlRes, nil
 }
+
+func getNamespace(name, defaultNamespace string) string {
+	namespace := defaultNamespace
+	if strings.Contains(name, ".") {
+		namespace = name[strings.LastIndexAny(name, ".")+1:]
+	}
+	return namespace
+}

pkg/provider/handlers/namespaces.go

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+package handlers
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"net/http"
+
+	"github.com/containerd/containerd"
+)
+
+func MakeNamespacesLister(client *containerd.Client) func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		list := ListNamespaces(client)
+		body, _ := json.Marshal(list)
+		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
+		w.Write(body)
+	}
+}

pkg/provider/handlers/read.go

@@ -13,8 +13,21 @@ func MakeReadHandler(client *containerd.Client) func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *h
 
 	return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 
+		lookupNamespace := getRequestNamespace(readNamespaceFromQuery(r))
+		// Check if namespace exists, and it has the openfaas label
+		valid, err := validNamespace(client, lookupNamespace)
+		if err != nil {
+			http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusBadRequest)
+			return
+		}
+
+		if !valid {
+			http.Error(w, "namespace not valid", http.StatusBadRequest)
+			return
+		}
+
 		res := []types.FunctionStatus{}
-		fns, err := ListFunctions(client)
+		fns, err := ListFunctions(client, lookupNamespace)
 		if err != nil {
 			log.Printf("[Read] error listing functions. Error: %s\n", err)
 			http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusBadRequest)

pkg/provider/handlers/replicas.go

@@ -14,8 +14,21 @@ func MakeReplicaReaderHandler(client *containerd.Client) func(w http.ResponseWri
 	return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		vars := mux.Vars(r)
 		functionName := vars["name"]
+		lookupNamespace := getRequestNamespace(readNamespaceFromQuery(r))
 
-		if f, err := GetFunction(client, functionName); err == nil {
+		// Check if namespace exists, and it has the openfaas label
+		valid, err := validNamespace(client, lookupNamespace)
+		if err != nil {
+			http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusBadRequest)
+			return
+		}
+
+		if !valid {
+			http.Error(w, "namespace not valid", http.StatusBadRequest)
+			return
+		}
+
+		if f, err := GetFunction(client, functionName, lookupNamespace); err == nil {
 			found := types.FunctionStatus{
 				Name:              functionName,
 				AvailableReplicas: uint64(f.replicas),

pkg/provider/handlers/scale.go

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ import (
 	gocni "github.com/containerd/go-cni"
 
 	"github.com/openfaas/faas-provider/types"
-	faasd "github.com/openfaas/faasd/pkg"
 )
 
 func MakeReplicaUpdateHandler(client *containerd.Client, cni gocni.CNI) func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
@@ -40,16 +39,30 @@ func MakeReplicaUpdateHandler(client *containerd.Client, cni gocni.CNI) func(w h
 			return
 		}
 
+		namespace := getRequestNamespace(readNamespaceFromQuery(r))
+
+		// Check if namespace exists, and it has the openfaas label
+		valid, err := validNamespace(client, namespace)
+		if err != nil {
+			http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusBadRequest)
+			return
+		}
+
+		if !valid {
+			http.Error(w, "namespace not valid", http.StatusBadRequest)
+			return
+		}
+
 		name := req.ServiceName
 
-		if _, err := GetFunction(client, name); err != nil {
+		if _, err := GetFunction(client, name, namespace); err != nil {
 			msg := fmt.Sprintf("service %s not found", name)
 			log.Printf("[Scale] %s\n", msg)
 			http.Error(w, msg, http.StatusNotFound)
 			return
 		}
 
-		ctx := namespaces.WithNamespace(context.Background(), faasd.FunctionNamespace)
+		ctx := namespaces.WithNamespace(context.Background(), namespace)
 
 		ctr, ctrErr := client.LoadContainer(ctx, name)
 		if ctrErr != nil {

pkg/provider/handlers/secret.go

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 const secretFilePermission = 0644
+const secretDirPermission = 0755
 
 func MakeSecretHandler(c *containerd.Client, mountPath string) func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 
@@ -46,6 +47,22 @@ func MakeSecretHandler(c *containerd.Client, mountPath string) func(w http.Respo
 }
 
 func listSecrets(c *containerd.Client, w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, mountPath string) {
+
+	lookupNamespace := getRequestNamespace(readNamespaceFromQuery(r))
+	// Check if namespace exists, and it has the openfaas label
+	valid, err := validNamespace(c, lookupNamespace)
+	if err != nil {
+		http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusBadRequest)
+		return
+	}
+
+	if !valid {
+		http.Error(w, "namespace not valid", http.StatusBadRequest)
+		return
+	}
+
+	mountPath = getNamespaceSecretMountPath(mountPath, lookupNamespace)
+
 	files, err := ioutil.ReadDir(mountPath)
 	if err != nil {
 		http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
@@ -54,7 +71,7 @@ func listSecrets(c *containerd.Client, w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, m
 
 	secrets := []types.Secret{}
 	for _, f := range files {
-		secrets = append(secrets, types.Secret{Name: f.Name()})
+		secrets = append(secrets, types.Secret{Name: f.Name(), Namespace: lookupNamespace})
 	}
 
 	bytesOut, _ := json.Marshal(secrets)
@@ -69,7 +86,30 @@ func createSecret(c *containerd.Client, w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request,
 		return
 	}
 
-	err = ioutil.WriteFile(path.Join(mountPath, secret.Name), []byte(secret.Value), secretFilePermission)
+	err = validateSecret(secret)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[secret] error %s", err.Error())
+		http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusBadRequest)
+		return
+	}
+
+	log.Printf("[secret] is valid: %q", secret.Name)
+	namespace := getRequestNamespace(secret.Namespace)
+	mountPath = getNamespaceSecretMountPath(mountPath, namespace)
+
+	err = os.MkdirAll(mountPath, secretDirPermission)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[secret] error %s", err.Error())
+		http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
+		return
+	}
+
+	data := secret.RawValue
+	if len(data) == 0 {
+		data = []byte(secret.Value)
+	}
+
+	err = ioutil.WriteFile(path.Join(mountPath, secret.Name), data, secretFilePermission)
 
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Printf("[secret] error %s", err.Error())
@@ -86,6 +126,9 @@ func deleteSecret(c *containerd.Client, w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request,
 		return
 	}
 
+	namespace := getRequestNamespace(readNamespaceFromQuery(r))
+	mountPath = getNamespaceSecretMountPath(mountPath, namespace)
+
 	err = os.Remove(path.Join(mountPath, secret.Name))
 
 	if err != nil {
@@ -107,10 +150,6 @@ func parseSecret(r *http.Request) (types.Secret, error) {
 		return secret, err
 	}
 
-	if isTraversal(secret.Name) {
-		return secret, fmt.Errorf(traverseErrorSt)
-	}
-
 	return secret, err
 }
 
@@ -120,3 +159,13 @@ func isTraversal(name string) bool {
 	return strings.Contains(name, fmt.Sprintf("%s", string(os.PathSeparator))) ||
 		strings.Contains(name, "..")
 }
+
+func validateSecret(secret types.Secret) error {
+	if strings.TrimSpace(secret.Name) == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("non-empty name is required")
+	}
+	if isTraversal(secret.Name) {
+		return fmt.Errorf(traverseErrorSt)
+	}
+	return nil
+}

pkg/provider/handlers/secret_test.go

@@ -1,63 +1,163 @@
 package handlers
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
-	"encoding/json"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"reflect"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/openfaas/faas-provider/types"
 )
 
-func Test_parseSecretValidName(t *testing.T) {
+func Test_parseSecret(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		name      string
+		payload   string
+		expError  string
+		expSecret types.Secret
+	}{
+		{
+			name:      "no error when name is valid without extention and with no traversal",
+			payload:   `{"name": "authorized_keys", "value": "foo"}`,
+			expSecret: types.Secret{Name: "authorized_keys", Value: "foo"},
+		},
+		{
+			name:      "no error when name is valid and parses RawValue correctly",
+			payload:   `{"name": "authorized_keys", "rawValue": "YmFy"}`,
+			expSecret: types.Secret{Name: "authorized_keys", RawValue: []byte("bar")},
+		},
+		{
+			name:      "no error when name is valid with dot and with no traversal",
+			payload:   `{"name": "authorized.keys", "value": "foo"}`,
+			expSecret: types.Secret{Name: "authorized.keys", Value: "foo"},
+		},
+	}
 
-	s := types.Secret{Name: "authorized_keys"}
+	for _, tc := range cases {
-	body, _ := json.Marshal(s)
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-	reader := bytes.NewReader(body)
+			reader := strings.NewReader(tc.payload)
 			r := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", reader)
-	_, err := parseSecret(r)
+			secret, err := parseSecret(r)
-
+			if err != nil && tc.expError == "" {
-	if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %s", err)
-		t.Fatalf("secret name is valid with no traversal characters")
+				return
-	}
 			}
 
-func Test_parseSecretValidNameWithDot(t *testing.T) {
+			if tc.expError != "" {
-
-	s := types.Secret{Name: "authorized.keys"}
-	body, _ := json.Marshal(s)
-	reader := bytes.NewReader(body)
-	r := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", reader)
-	_, err := parseSecret(r)
-
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("secret name is valid with no traversal characters")
-	}
-}
-
-func Test_parseSecretWithTraversalWithSlash(t *testing.T) {
-
-	s := types.Secret{Name: "/root/.ssh/authorized_keys"}
-	body, _ := json.Marshal(s)
-	reader := bytes.NewReader(body)
-	r := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", reader)
-	_, err := parseSecret(r)
-
 				if err == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("secret name should fail due to path traversal")
+					t.Fatalf("expected error: %s, got nil", tc.expError)
+				}
+				if err.Error() != tc.expError {
+					t.Fatalf("expected error: %s, got: %s", tc.expError, err)
+				}
+
+				return
+			}
+
+			if !reflect.DeepEqual(secret, tc.expSecret) {
+				t.Fatalf("expected secret: %+v, got: %+v", tc.expSecret, secret)
+			}
+		})
 	}
 }
 
-func Test_parseSecretWithTraversalWithDoubleDot(t *testing.T) {
+func TestSecretCreation(t *testing.T) {
+	mountPath, err := os.MkdirTemp("", "test_secret_creation")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error while creating temp directory: %s", err)
+	}
 
-	s := types.Secret{Name: ".."}
+	defer os.RemoveAll(mountPath)
-	body, _ := json.Marshal(s)
-	reader := bytes.NewReader(body)
-	r := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", reader)
-	_, err := parseSecret(r)
 
-	if err == nil {
+	handler := MakeSecretHandler(nil, mountPath)
-		t.Fatalf("secret name should fail due to path traversal")
+
+	cases := []struct {
+		name       string
+		verb       string
+		payload    string
+		status     int
+		secretPath string
+		secret     string
+		err        string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:    "returns error when the name contains a traversal",
+			verb:    http.MethodPost,
+			payload: `{"name": "/root/.ssh/authorized_keys", "value": "foo"}`,
+			status:  http.StatusBadRequest,
+			err:     "directory traversal found in name\n",
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "returns error when the name contains a traversal",
+			verb:    http.MethodPost,
+			payload: `{"name": "..", "value": "foo"}`,
+			status:  http.StatusBadRequest,
+			err:     "directory traversal found in name\n",
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "empty request returns a validation error",
+			verb:    http.MethodPost,
+			payload: `{}`,
+			status:  http.StatusBadRequest,
+			err:     "non-empty name is required\n",
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "can create secret from string",
+			verb:       http.MethodPost,
+			payload:    `{"name": "foo", "value": "bar"}`,
+			status:     http.StatusOK,
+			secretPath: "/openfaas-fn/foo",
+			secret:     "bar",
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "can create secret from raw value",
+			verb:       http.MethodPost,
+			payload:    `{"name": "foo", "rawValue": "YmFy"}`,
+			status:     http.StatusOK,
+			secretPath: "/openfaas-fn/foo",
+			secret:     "bar",
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "can create secret in non-default namespace from raw value",
+			verb:       http.MethodPost,
+			payload:    `{"name": "pity", "rawValue": "dGhlIGZvbw==", "namespace": "a-team"}`,
+			status:     http.StatusOK,
+			secretPath: "/a-team/pity",
+			secret:     "the foo",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			req := httptest.NewRequest(tc.verb, "http://example.com/foo", strings.NewReader(tc.payload))
+			w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+
+			handler(w, req)
+
+			resp := w.Result()
+			if resp.StatusCode != tc.status {
+				t.Logf("response body: %s", w.Body.String())
+				t.Fatalf("expected status: %d, got: %d", tc.status, resp.StatusCode)
+			}
+
+			if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK && w.Body.String() != tc.err {
+				t.Fatalf("expected error message: %q, got %q", tc.err, w.Body.String())
+
+			}
+
+			if tc.secretPath != "" {
+				data, err := os.ReadFile(filepath.Join(mountPath, tc.secretPath))
+				if err != nil {
+					t.Fatalf("can not read the secret from disk: %s", err)
+				}
+
+				if string(data) != tc.secret {
+					t.Fatalf("expected secret value: %s, got %s", tc.secret, string(data))
+				}
+			}
+		})
 	}
 }

pkg/provider/handlers/update.go

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ import (
 	gocni "github.com/containerd/go-cni"
 	"github.com/openfaas/faas-provider/types"
 
-	faasd "github.com/openfaas/faasd/pkg"
 	"github.com/openfaas/faasd/pkg/cninetwork"
 	"github.com/openfaas/faasd/pkg/service"
 )
@@ -41,8 +40,23 @@ func MakeUpdateHandler(client *containerd.Client, cni gocni.CNI, secretMountPath
 			return
 		}
 		name := req.Service
+		namespace := getRequestNamespace(req.Namespace)
 
-		function, err := GetFunction(client, name)
+		// Check if namespace exists, and it has the openfaas label
+		valid, err := validNamespace(client, namespace)
+		if err != nil {
+			http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusBadRequest)
+			return
+		}
+
+		if !valid {
+			http.Error(w, "namespace not valid", http.StatusBadRequest)
+			return
+		}
+
+		namespaceSecretMountPath := getNamespaceSecretMountPath(secretMountPath, namespace)
+
+		function, err := GetFunction(client, name, namespace)
 		if err != nil {
 			msg := fmt.Sprintf("service %s not found", name)
 			log.Printf("[Update] %s\n", msg)
@@ -50,12 +64,12 @@ func MakeUpdateHandler(client *containerd.Client, cni gocni.CNI, secretMountPath
 			return
 		}
 
-		err = validateSecrets(secretMountPath, req.Secrets)
+		err = validateSecrets(namespaceSecretMountPath, req.Secrets)
 		if err != nil {
 			http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusBadRequest)
 		}
 
-		ctx := namespaces.WithNamespace(context.Background(), faasd.FunctionNamespace)
+		ctx := namespaces.WithNamespace(context.Background(), namespace)
 
 		if _, err := prepull(ctx, req, client, alwaysPull); err != nil {
 			log.Printf("[Update] error with pre-pull: %s, %s\n", name, err)
@@ -78,7 +92,7 @@ func MakeUpdateHandler(client *containerd.Client, cni gocni.CNI, secretMountPath
 		// The pull has already been done in prepull, so we can force this pull to "false"
 		pull := false
 
-		if err := deploy(ctx, req, client, cni, secretMountPath, pull); err != nil {
+		if err := deploy(ctx, req, client, cni, namespaceSecretMountPath, pull); err != nil {
 			log.Printf("[Update] error deploying %s, error: %s\n", name, err)
 			http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusBadRequest)
 			return

pkg/provider/handlers/utils.go

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+package handlers
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"net/http"
+	"path"
+
+	"github.com/containerd/containerd"
+
+	"github.com/openfaas/faasd/pkg"
+	faasd "github.com/openfaas/faasd/pkg"
+)
+
+func getRequestNamespace(namespace string) string {
+
+	if len(namespace) > 0 {
+		return namespace
+	}
+	return faasd.DefaultFunctionNamespace
+}
+
+func readNamespaceFromQuery(r *http.Request) string {
+	q := r.URL.Query()
+	return q.Get("namespace")
+}
+
+func getNamespaceSecretMountPath(userSecretPath string, namespace string) string {
+	return path.Join(userSecretPath, namespace)
+}
+
+// validNamespace indicates whether the namespace is eligable to be
+// used for OpenFaaS functions.
+func validNamespace(client *containerd.Client, namespace string) (bool, error) {
+	if namespace == faasd.DefaultFunctionNamespace {
+		return true, nil
+	}
+
+	store := client.NamespaceService()
+	labels, err := store.Labels(context.Background(), namespace)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+
+	if value, found := labels[pkg.NamespaceLabel]; found && value == "true" {
+		return true, nil
+	}
+
+	return false, nil
+}

pkg/provider/handlers/utils_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+package handlers
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"testing"
+
+	faasd "github.com/openfaas/faasd/pkg"
+)
+
+func Test_getRequestNamespace(t *testing.T) {
+	tables := []struct {
+		name              string
+		requestNamespace  string
+		expectedNamespace string
+	}{
+		{name: "RequestNamespace is not provided", requestNamespace: "", expectedNamespace: faasd.DefaultFunctionNamespace},
+		{name: "RequestNamespace is provided", requestNamespace: "user-namespace", expectedNamespace: "user-namespace"},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tables {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			actualNamespace := getRequestNamespace(tc.requestNamespace)
+			if actualNamespace != tc.expectedNamespace {
+				t.Errorf("Want: %s, got: %s", actualNamespace, tc.expectedNamespace)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func Test_getNamespaceSecretMountPath(t *testing.T) {
+	userSecretPath := "/var/openfaas/secrets"
+	tables := []struct {
+		name               string
+		requestNamespace   string
+		expectedSecretPath string
+	}{
+		{name: "Default Namespace is provided", requestNamespace: faasd.DefaultFunctionNamespace, expectedSecretPath: "/var/openfaas/secrets/" + faasd.DefaultFunctionNamespace},
+		{name: "User Namespace is provided", requestNamespace: "user-namespace", expectedSecretPath: "/var/openfaas/secrets/user-namespace"},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tables {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			actualNamespace := getNamespaceSecretMountPath(userSecretPath, tc.requestNamespace)
+			if actualNamespace != tc.expectedSecretPath {
+				t.Errorf("Want: %s, got: %s", actualNamespace, tc.expectedSecretPath)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func Test_readNamespaceFromQuery(t *testing.T) {
+	tables := []struct {
+		name              string
+		queryNamespace    string
+		expectedNamespace string
+	}{
+		{name: "No Namespace is provided", queryNamespace: "", expectedNamespace: ""},
+		{name: "User Namespace is provided", queryNamespace: "user-namespace", expectedNamespace: "user-namespace"},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tables {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+
+			url := fmt.Sprintf("/test?namespace=%s", tc.queryNamespace)
+			r := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, url, nil)
+
+			actualNamespace := readNamespaceFromQuery(r)
+			if actualNamespace != tc.expectedNamespace {
+				t.Errorf("Want: %s, got: %s", actualNamespace, tc.expectedNamespace)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

pkg/service/service.go

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ func Remove(ctx context.Context, client *containerd.Client, name string) error {
 			if errdefs.IsNotFound(err) {
 				taskFound = false
 			} else {
-				return fmt.Errorf("unable to get task %s: ", err)
+				return fmt.Errorf("unable to get task %w: ", err)
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -47,12 +47,12 @@ func Remove(ctx context.Context, client *containerd.Client, name string) error {
 
 			log.Printf("Need to kill task: %s\n", name)
 			if err = killTask(ctx, t); err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("error killing task %s, %s, %s", container.ID(), name, err)
+				return fmt.Errorf("error killing task %s, %s, %w", container.ID(), name, err)
 			}
 		}
 
 		if err := container.Delete(ctx, containerd.WithSnapshotCleanup); err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("error deleting container %s, %s, %s", container.ID(), name, err)
+			return fmt.Errorf("error deleting container %s, %s, %w", container.ID(), name, err)
 		}
 
 	} else {
@@ -79,9 +79,10 @@ func killTask(ctx context.Context, task containerd.Task) error {
 		if task != nil {
 			wait, err := task.Wait(ctx)
 			if err != nil {
-				err = fmt.Errorf("error waiting on task: %s", err)
+				log.Printf("error waiting on task: %s", err)
 				return
 			}
+
 			if err := task.Kill(ctx, unix.SIGTERM, containerd.WithKillAll); err != nil {
 				log.Printf("error killing container task: %s", err)
 			}

pkg/supervisor.go

@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ func NewSupervisor(sock string) (*Supervisor, error) {
 }
 
 func (s *Supervisor) Start(svcs []Service) error {
-	ctx := namespaces.WithNamespace(context.Background(), faasdNamespace)
+	ctx := namespaces.WithNamespace(context.Background(), FaasdNamespace)
 
 	wd, _ := os.Getwd()
 
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ func (s *Supervisor) Close() {
 }
 
 func (s *Supervisor) Remove(svcs []Service) error {
-	ctx := namespaces.WithNamespace(context.Background(), faasdNamespace)
+	ctx := namespaces.WithNamespace(context.Background(), FaasdNamespace)
 
 	for _, svc := range svcs {
 		err := cninetwork.DeleteCNINetwork(ctx, s.cni, s.client, svc.Name)